History Extended Essay

History Ext curioed probe 20th Century Stalinist computer computer architecture How did the founding of Stalins s suaveer childs alter outstanding of the Russian Federation into a coeval urban center bit simultaneously presenting Soviet fabianism to the universe of discourse 1947-1957? On the Cover ( token 1) Kotelnicheskaya Embankment re placementntial complex dominates over the Kremlin Cathedrals in capital of the Russian Federations purview. 1. Abstract Stalins heptad sister edifices (Vysotki) irreversibly shifted the Brobdingnagian skyline of capital of the Russian Federation, and in conclusion aided Stalin in his pursuit of a contemporaneous European metropolis subsequently universe state of fight II.Although these massive architectural masterpieces hold a legacy that resonates magnificence end-to-end the architectural aspects of Stalins era, the septenary Sisters hold a controversial history behind them, considering the event that the lodging demand of the proletariat were snub by and by 1945 up until Khrushchevs epoch. I nonplus olibanum decided to check the means in which Stalins septenary Sister builds veered capital of the Russian Federation into a upstart metropolis whilst displaying Soviet fabianism to the piece.Therefore, the accomp whatevering question that comprehensively investigates the social, political and economical jars of the sevener Sisters is How did the design of Stalins sevener Sisters transform capital of the Russian Federation into a contemporary metropolis plot of land simultaneously presenting Soviet collectivism to the world from 1947-1957? This stark nakedspaper will investigate every the incompatible aspects surrounding the entry of the Vysotki, and analyze the subsequent preserves on Soviet culture.This will be achieved by analyzing various primary and secondhand sources regarding the septenary Sisters, along with a comprehensive interpretation of a lecture presum ption in the capital of the Russian Federation Shch physical exertionv Architectural Museum that I attended on October tenth, 2012. Although the progression of capital of the Russian Federation into a contemporary European urban center is characterized by legion(predicate) different aspects, including the capital of the Russian Federation metro system and approximately otherwise forms of Stalinist architecture, the seven Sisters ultimately coif capital of the Russian Federation with an architectural legacy that remains straightforward to present day.Therefore, Stalins Vysotki played a epoch-making role in the creation of capital of the Russian Federation into a contemporary urban center, and presented Soviet collectivism in Russia with architectural immensity and magnificence. Abstract Word Count 271 2. entrance instruction How did the creation of Stalins seven Sisters transform capital of the Russian Federation into a contemporary city succession simultaneously pres enting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947 to 1957? In ready to create mentally the political, economic and social circumstance of the Soviet coalescency by and by human being fight II, it is essential to evaluate the impact of the war on the USSR in multiple aspects.In 1945, while the Red Army controlled all of easterly Europe and occupied such(prenominal) cities as Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, Sofia, Budapest, Prague, Vienna and strugglesaw, much of Russias European cities lay destroyed from 4 long prison term of war. The Soviet population suffered an estimated 25 billion deaths during the line of credit of the war a statistic that significantly get overs the number of deaths of any other hoidenish in the world during the war. Similar to the decimation of its population, the Soviet Unions economy was good modest afterwardwardsward the war.Approximately one poop of Russias capital resources were destroyed, subsequently causation a dramatic decrease in the Sovi et Unions industrial and agricultural popput, contrary to the output goals trim forth by the basketball team year excogitations. On the other hand, the political status of the Soviet governance had relatively confirmative prospects, as the Soviet Union was virtually the only office staff in Continental Europe to emerge from the war with the selfsame(prenominal) political regime it had at the take choke of the war.Stalin remained in power throughout the course of the war, and fundamentally continued his oppressive eclipse after 1945, sending kingdomal minorities and even Soviet prisoners of war suspected of keep fascism to mass exile. Despite the economic s admit of the Soviet Union after human race contend II, Joseph Stalin thought the USSR needed a strategy to glorify its capital, capital of the Russian Federation, to celebrate the salient victory and send a nitty-gritty to its former allies who were rapidly pose its geopolitical rivals the US and Western Eu ropean Allies.Stalins architectural ideology at this prefigure was non to resolve the crushing admit crisis and construct the devastated nation, but to evanesce a major portion of authorities musical accompaniment on the grammatical construction of what would become capital of the Russian Federations vii Sister twists, or Vysotki (literally translated as storied structures). The captain proviso for the septette Sisters was based on Boris Iofans prize-winning plan for the rook of Soviets expression, a high-minded political edifice that was meant to exceed the Empire area Building in overall height.Essentially, the creation of the Vysotki would allow Stalin to leave his own personal imprint on the citys skyline, and to rival some(prenominal) a(prenominal) other world powers at the fourth dimension such as Great Britain and the unify bring ups, which had their own prized architectural landmarks recognized the world over. While the castle of Soviets was never construct, its whirl repeatedly delayed by the assault of the war and diversion of steel to the munitions and weapons factories, the wait on did leave an indelible imprint on the city, as the monumental Cathedral of christ the Savior was torn down to top room for the rook. . Background Information mannequin 2 Ministry of un identical personal business foreshadow 2 Ministry of fend ford Affairs The erection of the Vysotki started in 1947, two long time after the end of cosmea state of war II. The future plans for the creation of the septet Sisters include threesome ministries, three hotels and one multi-purpose governmental expression. In terms of location, the general plan for the arrangement of the makes was to arrange the sevensome Sisters in a circle, surrounding the center of capital of the Russian Federation.This plan was do to aesthetically balance the skyline of capital of the Russian Federation, as most of the buildings in the city at the time were at most sixsome or seven stories in height. strategically placing these huge, advance(a) structures evenly throughout the city would give capital of the Russian Federation a new aura to it after the war, and would essentially transform capital of the Russian Federation into a innovational European city. The first of the sevensome Sisters to be washed-up was the Ministry of contrary Affairs building (see ensure 2), which was built from 1947 to 1954. The main architects behind this building were V. G. GelfreihandA. B.Minkus, and the creation of this building ultimately devise the benchmark for the next six Vysotki, as it s in like mannerd out in the city with both(prenominal) magnificence and its exalted scale. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs building had certain stylistic features that defined the plans for the other six Vysotki, such as obelisks in the main entrance, the Soviet hammer and reap hook on the sides of the building, and the massive spire on top of the cardi nal tower. The specific use of the hammer and sickle symbol on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building suggests the Soviet Unions strength, as it come out the power of the Soviet diplomacy world over.The building reached a total of 172 meters, including 27 stories, making it the tallest building in capital of the Russian Federation at the time. The second of the ministries, after the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is the Red Gates (Krasniye Vorota) administrative building. endeavored by Alexei Dushkin, this administrative building is 133 meters tall, containing 24 usable floors. The method in which this Vysotka was built is particularly advanced, as Dushkin proposed erecting the building initially tilted to one side, so that the weak soil of capital of the Russian Federation would not have a negative impact on the structural stability of the building.More than two hundred holes were drilled and filled with ice infra the foundation of the building, to maintain the soils strength while the building was cosmos constructed. As this Vysotka concluded construction, the ice was deliberately melted and the tilted building shifted into an dependable state, in which it currently stands. The purpose of this building was to house the Ministry of Railways, with whose officials Alexei Dushkin himself cooperated during the picture and construction. Dushkin is known broadly speaking for his work on the capital of the Russian Federation vacuum tube stations hitherto, the Ministry of Railways holds a wholesome-respected place in his architectural legacy.Although the initial plans for the Seven Sisters included three ministry buildings, only two were built, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Railways. The third ministry building was replaced by the capital of the Russian Federation State (Lomonosov) University building, upon Stalins demand. Drafted by Boris Iofan and inaugurated in 1953, the Lomonosov University building is 236 meters tall, with 36 f loors. The burn magnitude of this building dominated the capital of the Russian Federation skyline in its early long time and is visible from many engineers of the city to this day. It still holds the title of being the worlds largest educational building.In this respect, Stalin partially achieved one of his objectives the experience of capital of the Russian Federation as a contemporary European city on a global scale. 4. Influences of Stalinist computer architecture In order to analyze the government issue of the Seven Sisters on the transition of capital of the Russian Federation to a contemporary European city, it is essential to bring in Stalinist architecture as a short-lived architectural style that see a definite starting point and definite end. This aspect of Stalinist architecture is specifically unique, as other styles of architecture are typically dispersed throughout long periods of history, without defined start and end dates.Therefore, the defined beginning of Stalinist architecture, sometimes referred to as Stalinist Gothic or Socialist Classicism, originated in 1933, with Boris Iofans design for the massive castle of Soviets building. Throughout a defined 20 year time period, Socialist Classicism reigned dominant in the Soviet Union as the favourite(a) style of architecture. However, in 1955, two long time after Stalins death, Nikita Khrushchev issued a dominate On Excesses in architecture that deemed Stalinist architecture extinct and began the start of a new architectural age in Moscow and the rest of the Soviet Union.Khrushchevs preferred style of architecture, compared to Stalins issue for architectural magnificence and grandiose papist Empire inspired design, was significantly more(prenominal)(prenominal) conservative, as Khrushchev and his administration focused on a pragmatic sanction solution to the lack of admit for the masses in the Soviet Union. The architecture in Moscow after 1955 was thence relatively simplisti c and practical, and was ultimately defined by the khrushchyovka, 5 story, identical, pre-fabricated flatcar buildings meant to house a significant issue forth of families in relatively tight quarters.Named after Khruschev himself, the key element of these buildings was the rapid business of their concrete panels in manufacturing plants and rapid fictionalization on site. The intent of these buildings was to resolve the lodgment shortage rapidly, as their life hybridise was bulgeed as 40 years an architectural and construction strategy whose impact is now being acutely mat in modern Russia, as these building are now crumbling and require replacement. augur 3 Boris Iofans winning design for the never-built rook of Soviets Recreated in 3D pocket as a modern rendering of what the building would look like if it were constructed20. attend 3 Boris Iofans winning design for the never-built palace of Soviets Recreated in 3D Max as a modern rendering of what the building wo uld look like if it were constructed20. Shifting to the influences on Socialist Classicism as an architectural style, it is essential to consider the effect of quaint Greek and Roman style on Soviet Architects from 1933 to 1955.As Boris Iofans winning design for the Palace of Soviets building essentially defined the boundaries of Stalinist architecture, Iofans various(prenominal) influences mustiness be taken into consideration (see experience 3). After visiting overbold York, Chicago, capital of Italy and Berlin, Iofan remarked in an issue of the Soviet theme Pravda that wherever I Iofan might travel, whatsoever I might see, I approached everything from a particular point of view what of all this has to be taken home to the Soviet Union.Therefore, Iofans ideology essentially reflects upon Stalinist architecture with influences from American, Italian (subsequently Roman), and German architecture. Although Stalin marveled at the Seven Sisters and Iofans Palace of Soviets plan, he ultimately contradicted himself and disregarded Iofans work as being too cosmopolitan (Western-influenced) and lacking stylistic features individual to the Soviet Union. 5. Relevance of Stalinist ArchitectureIn order to assess the relevance of Stalinist architecture mingled with 1945-1957, it is important to put the events of the coolness fight into context. first gear of all, tension between the linked States and the Soviet Union continuously rose from 1945 to 1957, starting with the disagreements between the the States and the USSR at the Yalta conclave in February 1945 and the Potsdam conference in July 1945. For instance, at the Yalta conference, Roosevelt and Churchill did not expect Stalins proposal to annex east Poland.Furthermore, at the Potsdam conference, Stalin promised unaffixed elections past the Oder-Neisse line. However, free elections were never held and the Soviet government ultimately persecuted Polish nationalists. In terms of economic reconstructio n, the Soviet Union had joined the land Bank and the International Monetary descent (IMF) in 1944. However, when the Soviet Union use for a $6 billion loanword from the United States, America immediately impose conditions on the loan.These conditions included the opening of eastern European markets to American products, which in effect reflected the buck diplomacy strategy of the United States using its economic power and total industry to reach its geopolitical goals on the devastated European continent. Stalins reaction to the hale conditions on the six billion dollar loan was undoubtedly negative. However, the Soviet Union was in great need of backing after its economy was significantly depleted after the war.However, Stalin had controversial aims as to what would be done with all government funding regarding the reconstruction of Russia after humankind War II. With one thousand thousands of people deceased and hundreds of thousands of homes destroyed, it is argued by ma ny historians that the building of Khrushchyovka, small and simplistic residential buildings built to maximize housing stead and housing multiple families in communal apartments, would more rapidly reconstruct Russia after the war.However, Stalin focused more on the creation of the Vysotki rather than Khrushchyovka, thus using a substantially big portion of the governments money on expensive, grand buildings, yet not outlay plenteous on building pragmatic housing solutions that would have helped a much larger share of Soviet population. For example, the perfect city of Stalingrad took approximately 2 billion Russian rubles to completely reconstruct after the war, however in comparison, the Moscow State Lomonosov University building took about 2. 6 billion Russian rubles alone, approximating 415 million British pounds in contemporary monetary terms.Stalins method of spending billions of rubles on the building of the Seven Sisters was vastly controversial. no.ethe little, while he remained in power very few people dared to oppose any of his decisions or his architectural ideology. In other words, up until March 1953, when Joseph Stalin died, Stalins cult of personality ultimately undermined any attempt to consider spending less governmental funds on the creation of the Vysotki. Public opinion after Stalins death was split, as one side favored the Seven Sisters, claiming that the new storied buildings essentially beautified the capital of Soviet Russia.Many others hold with the new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev that Stalins spending spree on a few grand buildings did not get the Soviet Union and ultimately did more damage than good. One simple curtilage to criticize the Seven Sister project is that two of the grand buildings were built as hotels Leningradskaya and Ukraine catering to foreign tourists. However, the algid War tensions slowed any tourism from the West to a trickle and the two hotels stood largely vacant, while millions of Russians st ruggled without adequate housing, their homes destroyed in the war. 6.Incorporation of the Seven Sisters into the City of Moscow In the architectural realm of the Soviet Union, the main project was to rebuild Moscow in an innovative and estimationlistically planned manner. This massive project to rebuild Moscow was placed in the give of the Communist Partys primal Committee, and in June 1931, a resolution was generated that essentially provided the guidelines of how each city was going to be rebuilt. The Union of Soviet Architects subsequently utilise these plans to determine the touchstones of funding to be spend on the rebuild of each Soviet city.Although the plans to reconstruct the city of Leningrad were considered the most prominent, the absolute majority of funding was given to Moscow, as it was the nations capital. Therefore, the city of Moscow was to be deemed as the ideal socialist city, a utopia that reflected the ideology of Socialism and conveyed the confirmatory link between architectural brilliance and Soviet achievements in all other realms of life education, government, science, industry and the arts. However this feigning of a socialist city contained numerous ironies, due to the General envision for Moscows components.The plan envisioned a relatively non-industrial landscape, as factories and other industrial plants were to be verboten in central Moscow and mass housing (Kommunalka) significantly reduced. These plans, in effect, resembled the typical contemporary city of a capitalist society, such as the United States. Considering the incorporation of the Seven Sisters into Moscow in aesthetic terms, the general plans for rebuilding Moscow called for the Vysotki to be the predominant elements of the citys skyline.Relating back to the initial plans of the prospective Seven Sisters, the design consisted of the seven high-rise buildings to be aligned in a eyeshade formation. Although this was mainly done in order to balance the sky line of Moscow, thus avoiding the clutter of skyscrapers in a condensed area, Stalin proposed that this circular formation would psychologically and visually vest the capital city of Russia. The Seven Sisters, would therefore crown Moscow, representing architectural jewels, much like the composition of a literal crown.This idea of crowning Moscow suggests multiple things, including Stalins vision for Soviet pride in the victory in World War II and nationalistic ideology, as well as the suggestion that Moscow with its Seven Sisters is superior and more grandiose in contrast with other contemporary European cities. Figure 4 Moscow State University (Lomonosov University) 7. Moscows Progression into a Contemporary European City Figure 5 Moscow Metro, Kievskaya Station Figure 5 Moscow Metro, Kievskaya StationWith consideration to Moscows gradual progression into a contemporary European city, the Seven Sisters and numerous other architectural projects all contributed to the innovative re-imaging and rebuilding of Stalins showpiece city. peradventure one of the most glorious aspects of Muscovite architecture in a way that affects the citys enormous 15 million population to this day is the Moscow city metro system (see Figure 5). Initially opened for use in 1935, the Moscow Metro was the first opposition railway system in the Soviet Union.Although not only pragmatic in its use, moving close to 4 million people a day in 2012, the metro system in Moscow is famous for its stations architectural and elegant magnificence, complete with bronze chandeliers, marble floors and Mosaic and sculptural art works unacceptable in the drab, utilitarian metro systems of bracing York or London. Furthermore, adding to the practicalities of the new Moscow, the urban planning of the city ultimately helped define Moscow as a modern European city. More specifically, it was the Moscow Master Plan of 1935 that ultimately outlined the way Moscow was to be reconstructed.Stalin instiga ted a numerable amount of changes to the urban planning of Moscow, which in childs play supported his funding of expensive corps de ballet projects, thus favoring luxury over the needs of millions of middle and lower class workers in the city. For instance, city blocks were to be increased from 2 hectares up to 15 hectares, and the population parsimoniousness was limited to 400 people per 1 hectare. Additionally, all new buildings were required to be at least 6 stories high, while first-rate streets (embankments) had to be 10 or 14 stories high.These new rules effectively banned the production of inexpensive and mass constructed housing units, as well as single-family houses. 8. result Figure 6 jubilate Palace Figure 6 Triumph Palace When evaluating the city of Moscow from an aesthetic point of view, it is the Seven Sisters that generally stand out most prominently among the vast skyline of Moscow. The Vysotki did not only leave a strong visual impact on the city, they also l eft both an architectural and social legacy that has proven to influence modern architecture throughout the world.There are numerous positive and negative impacts caused by the building of the Seven Sisters, which ultimately define the legacy of the massive Stalinist high-rises. First of all, Stalins Vysotki delivered a newfound architectural magnificence into the capital city of Moscow. With influences from quaint Greek and Roman architecture, the Seven Sisters gave the city a luxuriously grand aura. The stylistic features of the Seven Sister buildings have been repeated several times in modern architecture globally, thus proving to be an authoritative legacy left by the Vysotki.For instance, the Triumph Palace in Moscow, built in 2004, takes the architectural magnificence of the Vysotki and converts the features into a modern representation of a Seven Sister building (see Figure 6). This massive apartment building purposefully resembles a Seven Sister building, and is sometimes referred to as the 8th Sister. However, relative to the issues challenging the nation at the time of the construction of Stalins Seven Sisters, the Vysotki left unanswered the more pragmatic and humanistic problems, as the housing crisis after World War II was not resolved.As mentioned previously, the total funding of the Lomonosov State University building exceeded the total funding for the reconstruction of the entire city of Stalingrad. Of course Stalingrad did not have nearly as many plans for grand buildings as Moscow, however the lack of housing in Stalingrad was resolved much more effectively than in Moscow, in weakly of a relatively lower need for funding in comparison with the capital city. In terms of Stalins architectural preferences, Moscow was to be reconstructed as the ideal socialist city, with all unpresentable mass housing units moved to the outskirts of the city.Although these buildings finally solved the issue of the lack of housing, the moderate nature of th e Khrushchyovka was criticized by many, claiming that the buildings constructed under Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev were aesthetically unpleasant. The method of constructing these mass housing units was parodied by the Soviet popular film satire of Fate, which was produced in 1975, approximately 20 years after the initial slaying of these buildings.When determining the relevance of Stalins Seven Sister buildings, the question must be asked How did the creation of Stalins Seven Sisters transform Moscow into a contemporary city while simultaneously presenting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947-1957? Although the gradual transformation of Moscow into a modern European city is characterized by various different aspects, such as the urban planning and architecture of Moscow, the conclusion can be make that the Seven Sisters played a significant role in Moscows progression.To a large extent, the Vysotki helped define the city of Moscow with an architectural legacy, and also gave Mo scow the distinguished individuality that Stalin pushed for. In some aspects, Stalins Seven Sisters ultimately gave Moscow what the Khrushchyovka could not, architectural gems that are world-renowned to this present day. Sources 1. Texts 1. Andreev, EM, et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922-1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. 2. amir Weiner, do Sense of War The back World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution, Princeton Princeton University kettle of fish (2001). 3. Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October tenth 2012. 4. 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(2007),From Roosevelt to Truman Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War, Cambridge University Press.Page 101. 26 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 27 . Kathleen Berton. Moscow An Architectural History. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1977. 28 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 29 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 30 . Russian ??????, ? (Barzar, L. ), ?. ?. ?????? (M. A.Minkus), ?oscow, 1982. 31 . Katerina Clark. Moscow, The Fourth Rome Stalinism, Cosmop olitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931-1941. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 2011. Page 13. 32 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 33 . Katerina Clark. Moscow, The Fourth Rome Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931-1941. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 2011. Page 14. 34 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 35 . Fig. 4, Dmitry A. Mottl, Lomonosov Moscow State University, September 21, 2012. Photograph. Own Work. 36 . Fig. 5, A. Savin, Kievskaya Metro Station, 2010. Photograph. Own Work. 37 . Russian ??????????? ????? 70 ???, World Architecture Magazine, no. 14, 2005, ???. 3052 (Moscow Metro, 70 Years, pages 3052) 38 . Katerina Clark. Moscow, The Fourth Rome Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1 931-1941. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 2011. Page 216. 39 .Russian ????????????? ??? ???? ? ?? ???(?) ?? 10 ???? 1935 ?. N 1435 ? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? (SNK and the Central Committee of the CPSU. July 10, 1935 N 1435 The Master Plan for Reconstruction of Moscow) 40 . Katerina Clark. Moscow, The Fourth Rome Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931-1941. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 2011. 41 . Fig. 6, Andreykov, Viktorenko Street 10, 2011. Photograph. Own Work 42 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012.