Petrozuata Case Study

Petrozuata Case fieldPetrolera Zuata, Petrozuata C.A.V anointis Athanasios1) Introduction Case StudyIn 1976, after nationalization of the domesticated oil industry a stated owned enterprise Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) was complete for the purposes of managing the countrys hydrocarbon resources and promoting economic development. It was the fields second largest oil and gas participation with reserves in Venezuela and refineries across the Europe, United States, and the Caribbean. Domestically, PDVSA appropriated 78% of Venezuelas export revenues, 59% of the g overnments fiscal revenues, and 26% of nations GDP and had a reputation of being unrivaled of the best managed national oil companies.In 1990, PDVSA started an ambitious long-term find oution, which main aim was to double its domestic production and expand international markets. For the execution of instrument of this venture, the guild needed to raise investments for approximate cadence of USD$ 65 bn. At t hat time neither PDVSA nor Venezuelan government had the possibility to pay the underlined expansion. As a solution, it was decided to establish a strategy called La Apertura, which undetermined the Venezuelan oil sector to overseas companies through profit sharing agreements, operating service agreements, and strategic joint ventures associations.Unfortunately, such initiative overlapped with governmental instability and economic turmoil in the country. Only in the earliest 1990s two failed military coups and the impeachment of President Perez took place. In late 1993, because of the unappeasable crisis in the banking system, the administration suspended a number of constitutional rights, compel price control on basic goods and services, and took direct control over most of the banking system. Moreover, the foreign exchange markets were closed and began rationing foreign bills to the private sector. Few age later, by the time of the deal closing, collectable to an econo mic and social reform program of President Caldera, the economy had begun to recover, only with coming presidential elections, public tension was also growing. All in all, the feasibility of the childbed was under the pressure ofthe sovereign risk. The rating agencies were considering trinity principal risks possible government action, currency market volatility, and Venezuelan worry conditions.The first development witness of reopening Venezuelan oil sector to foreign investments was Petrozuata. It is a USD$ 2.424 bn joint venture among Conoco and Maraven as a discontinue of PDVSA. Conoco was the petroleum subsidiary of one of the largest chemical producer in the world E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont). That time Conoco recently completed projects in Russia, Norway, USA and was a recognized leader in refining technology and project development.Underlined parties started feasibility studies and negotiations for a joint project in 1992. After four years of planning , Conoco and Maraven had made a mutual decision to finance this deal on a project finance basis, because of financial and organizational services supportd by such structure. PDSVA could not have built the project alone because of its lack of vary as pots needed to extract and upgrade syn gravelly oil. On the separate hand, foreign self-command of domestic hydrocarbon resources is prohibited by police force, closing all ways for a sole expansion by Conoco.In terms of ownership structure, it was strategically decided that PDVSA subsidiary contributed less than 50% of the total loveliness amount but, through its preferred shares, would retain voting control. Because PDVSA would be the minority shareholder, the company would be classified as private. As a consequence, it would not consolidate into PDVSAs balance sheet and, more importantly, they would not be frame by legislation for public companies (public procurement bidding procedure, excessive identifyability, etc.). termi nal association agreement had a term of 35 years commence once production started in 2001. The equity ownership contributions were set up in such way that Maraven had 49.9% of shares and 50.1% for Conoco. After accomplishing of the agreement, Conoco has an obligation to transfer its shares to Maraven at no cost.Also, to give incentive to the project, the government agreed to decrease the royal house rate during early operation years and the Congress agreed to lower berth the income tax rate from 67,7% to 34%.The sponsors agreed to use USD$ 975 mn of equity and USD$ 1.45 bn of debt to finance the project, which corresponded to 60% of debt-to-equity ratio. Such high percent of equity contributions to the project were chosen to show the sponsors commitment to the project. In 1996, for the offset printing of the project, sponsors contributed USD$ 79 mn of paid-in capital.Additional contributions including disaster fund were projected to prang up in the following 4 years for the to tal amount of USD$ 366 mn. For the undischarged sum of USD$ 530 mn, shareholders chose a risky plan to use bullion flows from the bargain of early production crude, after completion of the oil fields and line of descent in August 1998. It is necessary to mention that risks peculiar to underlined financial chemical mechanism were mitigated through a good execution plan and loyal sponsor guarantees.Concerning the sources of debt financing, Petrozuata raised USD$ 450 mn as a loan from moneymaking(prenominal) banks with loan guarantees from bilateral and multilateral agencies, such as U.S. ExIm Bank, Export learning Corporation of Canada, OPIC and IFC. Those agencies would mitigate Venezuelas political and economic instability by providing political risk insurance.However, the major funding source of the project was the American private placement market. Petrozuata received USD$ 1 bn of debt from the Rule 144A market. These bonds were chosen because of the supernumerary advanta ge of speed and less onerous disclosure requirements imposed by the Securities and Exchange Commission.Petrozuata project had three main components a series of midland wells to produce the crude, a pipeline system to transport the crude to the coast, and an upgrader facility to partially refine the crude. It was unusual and a highly modify to finance multiple component projects on a standalone basis. A peculiar(prenominal) system of contracts and commitments were designed and implemented to make the project feasible. A luxuriant scheme of contracts and commitments is provided in Figure 2.For instance, sponsors mitigated the incentive problem and managerial inefficiency by creating a small board of directors comprised of two directors from each sponsor, and development compensation contracts for managers that were linked to the project performance. Also was realized the major benefit of project finance public-sector management was substituted for private-sector.The facial expre ssion risk was allocated to sponsors. Conoco and Maraven agreed to provide funds for any cost overruns prior to completion. Also, the parent companies guaranteed these obligations. The guarantee has a unique structure in terms of the difference in ratings between parties DuPont (AA-) and PDSVA (B). The parties agreed to include severe penalties for failing to meet their obligations and incentives to cover the other partys shortfalls. It was a good example of how project finance could substitute the lack of development in emerging countries.After face would be completed, together with major risks, the sponsor guarantees would also end and the project would become non-recourse to the sponsors.Figure 2 Petrozuata contracts and commitmentsSource (Esty 1998)25Secondly, sponsors considered within the budget, a USD$ 38 mn contingency for upstream facilities, a USD$ 139 mn contingency for downstream facilities, and sufficient funds to pay premiums on a construction all risk insurance poli cy covering up to USD$ 1.5 bn of material loss or damage.Another risk allocation mechanism in the current project was the use of an off-take agreement with the guarantee from the parent company DuPont. According to this agreement, Conoco took an obligation toward Petrozuata to purchase the first 86.6% of Petrozuatas syncrude, for the whole 35-year animateness of the project, based on the market price. Moreover, the project company had the right to handle the syncrude to third parties if it could get a higher price. Such scheme blow out ex post bargaining costs, and deter opportunistic behavior by providing incentives to both sponsors to act in the projects best interest group in the area where contracts would have been costly or impossible to write.Also, with an administration authorized by the Venezuelan government the project had a prioritization of cash flows as a main element of the contractual agreements. Petrozuatas customers would hold fast their dollar-denominated fun ds from the purchases into and offshore account maintained by Banker Trust, governed by the law of New York. Afterwards, the Trustee would disburse the money according to a hire hierarchy. First, the Trustee would make the transfer to a 90-day operating expense account second, to service the projects debt obligations and, third, make deposits to a Debt Service declare Account as needed to maintain six months of principal interest. Finally, the project implemented a cash trap basically meaning that if the project maintains an one-year historical and one-year projected Debt Service Coverage balance of 1.35X, then the Trustee would transfer any remaining funds to Petrozuata for scattering to its equityholders.To sum up, Petrozuata is an example of the effective use of project finance in developing countries. The adverse circumstances following financial closure provide further evidence of the durability and merits of the project finance structure. The deal set numerous precedents i n the bank and capital markets. For these