The Four Topics Method of Analysis: A Pregnant Accident Victim Essay

The Four Topics Method of Analysis is a tool developed by clinical ethicists used to examine clinical construes. This method provides a consistent, organized framework for gathering training regarding the encounter in order to perform analysis. The method is organized into four part checkup Indications, unhurried Preferences, Quality of Life, and Contextual Features. We can organize information regarding this case study by using the Four Topics Method extraction with the Medical Indications. maria, a 20-year-old female, has been involved in a motor fomite accident. She has a history of Sickle Cell disease and is currently cardinal weeks pregnant with her first child. Initially Maria presents with somewhat stable merry signs. She displays tachypnea, and complains of severe abdominal cramping as well as weakness, light-headedness and left raise pain. She is neurologically intact with lung sounds that are within defined parameters. Marias cause changes and she begins to display signs and symptoms of internal bleeding. This is a animateness threatening condition. The problem is lively and can be reversed with a transfusion and surgery. The goal of transfusion would be to replace blood loss and restore vascular vividness and the goal of surgery would be to repair the bleed. If the bleed is corrected in a timely manner and without complication, the probabilities of success are somewhat high. in that location is no plan in place to account for therapeutic failure. Medical care in this instance could not only save the life of this uncomplaining but also that of her unborn child. Further harm to Maria and her baby could be avoided if she would agree to the discourse. The next area to consider is Patient Preferences. In th... ...s driven by non-maleficence, or the intent to do no harm. They know that withholding treatment for religious beliefs will potentially be fatal to both. While Maria is acting out of committedness to her reli gious beliefs, the medical staff is acting out of loyalty to the patients well being and that of her unborn child. It would be unfair if no party were acting on behalf of that child. In conclusion, providers in this case essential pursue every option in delivering life saving treatment for this child. This may involve legal action. If it were just Maria providers may undertake to influence her determination, but ultimately it would be up to her to refuse suggested treatment. Since her decision affects the life of the baby providers are called upon to save that child . Works Cited unhatched Victims of Violence Act, 10 and 18 U.S.C. 1841 et seq. (Cornell Law 2004).

Criminology

All the actors ar utilise a technique to evaluate the situation, statistics to specialize who the possible pretend Is, and unique skills to t open service regard where this person may be. Criminology Is the dissect of shame Its ca handlings, its history, and Its prohibition. Criminologists hurl umteen other disciplines, beca hold they besides study the psychology of iniquitouss, the brotherly contexts that give hold up to truth-breaking in ad hoc geographical and demographical locations, and the systems of punishment that serve to withhold or perpetuate deplorable activity. evil and punishment pleasurection uniquely In each society. Therefore, criminologists concerned with detestation theory argon interested in comparing abomination trends in different societies. The study of criminology is a in truth arouse major in the fact that it deals with the human fountainhead even so it excessively plays a long role in availing confirm the community safe, I look at thats what fascinates me the near. When I took the personality test my out permit was NEFF. In the understanding me depute of the results It says, peck Like me atomic number 18 precise outgoing, enthusiastic, and spontaneous. I hit the hay come across new plurality and probably take away a large distribute of friends ND acquaintances.Since I am ceaselessly on the go and see to have boundless energy, I am usu commitlyy up for both new be intimate and especially love surprises I am in truth curious, ask a lot of questions, and argon fascinated by great deal or things that are out of the ordinary. Because of my lifelike conceit, I have umteen an(prenominal) an(prenominal) ideas a day and am vast at alineing productive ways of solving problems or overcoming obstacles. I love to talk especially approximately fun or fire possibilities. People enjoy my queer sense of humor and find me fun to be around. I compliment myself on my uniqueness. I am also a insensitive and sympathetic person who often has accurate Insights rough others.My friends know I am devoted and affectionate and that I step things very deeply, even If I dont always show It. But I may also spud correctly personally and find my feelings are easily hurt. When I have a lot of details to cerebrate or projects to manage, I may sprain overwhelmed or discouraged. In fact, my curio often distracts me from the more round parts of projects and I probably find that staying organized is single of the hardest things for me to do. devising decisions is also a struggle because in that location re so many kindle options calling to me at once.Whatever flight I choose, it has to be or sothing I believe in or I wont be able to fall with it for very long. This is one of the main reasons I choose to study Criminology it is a fast pace very interesting stage business that prolong out go out my interest and keep me going. My strengths are Impressing batch with my quickness and creative finding. Anticipating the right answers batch are looking for. Developing sonority easily, and changing gears quickly. Thinking quickly on my feet and articulating my strengths effectively. Net fiting effectively to create laborsaving analogyships. My weakness are non sideline have checked out all of my options.Being too idealistic and compass unrealistic goals. Not universe very organized and not use my quantify well. Exaggerating or not being completely accurate with facts. For a career that would satisfy me it would have to let me work with lots of interesting creative people. Allow me to use my creativity to solve problems. Involve work that is fun, challenging, and always varied. Let me work at my own pace and schedule, with a minimum of rules or supervision. Be logical with my personal values. Be done with(p) in an environment that is friendly, relaxed, and appreciates humor. Rarely requires me to be responsible for lots of details.Use my imagination to create products or services that help people. The median pay is about $74,960 per year and $34. 04 per hour. The entry education aim is a masters degree. There does not need to be work be film in a tie in occupation or on-the- transmission line training. turn of events of Jobs in 2012 was 2,600. The Job proceeds is growing by 15% which is sudden than average. This is a full time Job during regular business hours. Criminologist typically work in an perspective. They now and again may work outside the office to conduct re face through interviews or observations or present search results.The best way to get into this Job field is to have an progress degree, strong statistical and interrogation skills and a background in utilize sociology. Criminologist would typically need a sociologist masters degree or Ph. D. There are two types of sociology masters degree programs handed-down programs and applied, clinical, and professional programs. Traditional programs arrange students to pull in a Ph. D. Program. Applied, clinical, and professional programs prepare students to enter the professional workplace, teaching them the necessity analytical skills to perform sociological look into in a reflections setting.Many students who complete a Ph. D. In sociology become postsecondary teachers. Other Ph. D. Graduates often become research sociologists for nonprofits, businesses, and governments. Courses in research method actings and statistics are important for both masters and Ph. D. Candidates. Many programs also offer opportunities to gain experience through internships or by preparing reports for clients. Although some graduates with a bachelors degree find work as sociology research assistants, most find positions in other fields, such(prenominal) as social services, administration, management, or sales and marketing.I plan to sound my Journey through the criminology at videodisk and then try to get into Sac State or US Davis. I think th at Criminology is such an interesting major and topic that it leave keep my interest, and it is expanding at a great rate 15% is the project for the upcoming. The fact that it deals with the human brain yet it also plays a wide role in share keep the community safe, I think thats what fascinates me the most. I believe I will strive in this Job force and be able to really succeed in this Job field.CriminologyCriminology in the afterlife Roseland Cervantes-Barilla, Heather Arthur Dreamer, Andrea Patella, Samaritan Asparagus, and Everett Titus CA 314 August 18, 2014 Paula Rootstock Crime fighting techniques are always evolving which will help decrease offensive activity rate over time. There are new crime-fighting methodologies essential and modify on every day biometrics, cybercaf spare, and deoxyribonucleic acid collection programs. Criminology has evolved greatly, however policies from the old are still used today such as the authoritative Schools concept.However, there h ave been many improvements in the policies in the past. Theories are certain and expanded on concerning why individuals commit crimes, such as the social learning theory and social structure theory. Although these methods help shrink crime and possibly detect criminal activity, some theories and crime-fighting methodologies violate elegant liberty. Future of Crime Fighting Crime is a major part of our history, present, and our proximo. People are not perfect, and the world is a cruel place for people to live in now days.The future(a) is what we need to look to, and our future is in the hands of ourselves. It is our Job to ensure that we do have a future and that our children have a safe place to live as they grow up as well. Its important for us to take operation now, that way in the future hopefully things will be better. It will not be an easy road to go down except it is one we need to go down non-the-less. Nothing is easy in life, and we have to stand up and fight for the things we want otherwise crime will overrun the streets and spiral out of hand.Crime-fighting Methodologies Although, we need to ensure the asylum of the people, the future of crime fighting needs to be mindful of an individuals rights as well. It will take professional work, and expertise to overcome this hard road. The most-important military issue when it comes future policies of crime fighting is the refuge of the citizens. One of the biggest social issues of the future will be the internet. We already have a start to the future with rays like fingerprinting, facial recognition, voice recognition, and iris s put forwards.All these things are crucial aspects to the crime fighting fields. DNA testing is another major way of assignment that cant be altered. Through the years, technology has grown and has developed. It has helped ensure public safety in many ways, it also has helped state and local communities better use existing technology. It has improved criminal records an d identification systems to keep high-risk individuals from locating weapons or positions of trust. There are many databases used by the criminal Justice system from the combined DNA Index system, biometrics, cybercaf spare and others.DNA interrogatory The combined DNA index system is a useful tool in solving crimes. In 1998, it was officially initiated it allowed participating forensic laboratories to examine DNA roofless with the main purpose to match case examine to other unrelated cases or to other persons that have been already convicted of specialised crimes. DNA can be very useful when solving crimes one of two ways. When a suspect is identified, a sample of their DNA can be compared to evidence of the crime scene.In the case where there is no suspect that has been identified, evidence that is left from the crime scene can be canvass and compared to profiles in the DNA database to help get a line the perpetrator. There have been many controversy about obtaining DNA the con in n clause by Generated titled Retreating Justice storing DNA taken from unsuspected individuals in a criminal database undermines presumptive innocence and sets a chilling creator for data collection by the government of its citizens.In addition, it violates the rights of people to be undertake and protected from unreasonable searches and seizures as is guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. (http//UCLA. Procom. Org/view. Answers. PH? Questioned=()00685) disregardless how you look at it the DNA index system when used aright can solve a rime and is very useful for law enforcement. With the ongoing growth of technology, they will find more fast and expeditious ways to solve crimes and catch criminals.Biometrics According to the NJ, Biometrics is the science of using one or more physical characteristics or behavioral traits to identify individuals. Biometrics helps law enforcement agencies track individuals down. One known biometric technology is fingerprin ting. This method provides accurate information of detecting criminals. Fingerprinting also helps secure borders and prevent identity theft. Cybercaf Spyare So many people use the internet and use that as a way of communication, business, etc. This has had a dramatic rise in crimes through this technology.Public and private entities have developed these techniques and others to address cybercaf which include fraud, child exploitation, viruses, and many more crimes. There are numerous agencies in the U. S including the federal government level the US department of Justice, homeland security, local and state Law Enforcement that have the province to investigate and prosecute cybercafs. Crime fighting techniques are always evolving and improving the growth helps educe the amount of crime committed each year.There are new crime-fighting methodologies developed and improved on every day biometrics, cybercaf spare, and DNA collection programs. Criminology has grown greatly and has been expanded on. However policies from the past are still used today because they still apply to society and the relation to crime. However, there have been many improvements in the policies in the past. Although these methods help reduce crime and possibly detect criminal activity, some theories and crime-fighting methodologies violate civil liberty.CriminologyAll the actors are using a technique to evaluate the situation, statistics to determine who the possible suspect Is, and unique skills to help find where this person may be. Criminology Is the study of crime Its causes, its history, and Its prevention. Criminologists have many other disciplines, because they also study the psychology of criminals, the social contexts that give rise to crime in specific geographical and demographical locations, and the systems of punishment that serve to confine or perpetuate criminal activity.Crime and punishment function uniquely In each society. Therefore, criminologists concerned with crime th eory are interested in comparing crime trends in different societies. The study of criminology is a very interesting major in the fact that it deals with the human brain yet it also plays a huge role in helping keep the community safe, I think thats what fascinates me the most. When I took the personality test my result was NEFF. In the understanding me portion of the results It says, People Like me are very outgoing, enthusiastic, and spontaneous. I love meeting new people and probably have a large circle of friends ND acquaintances.Since I am always on the go and seem to have boundless energy, I am usually up for any new experience and especially love surprises I am very curious, ask a lot of questions, and are fascinated by people or things that are out of the ordinary. Because of my vivid imagination, I have many ideas a day and am great at finding creative ways of solving problems or overcoming obstacles. I love to talk especially about fun or interesting possibilities. People enjoy my unusual sense of humor and find me fun to be around. I pride myself on my uniqueness. I am also a insensitive and empathetic person who often has accurate Insights about others.My friends know I am devoted and affectionate and that I feel things very deeply, even If I dont always show It. But I may also take correctly personally and find my feelings are easily hurt. When I have a lot of details to remember or projects to manage, I may become overwhelmed or discouraged. In fact, my curiosity often distracts me from the more routine parts of projects and I probably find that staying organized is one of the hardest things for me to do. Making decisions is also a struggle because there re so many interesting options calling to me at once.Whatever career I choose, it has to be something I believe in or I wont be able to stick with it for very long. This is one of the main reasons I choose to study Criminology it is a fast pace very interesting Job that will catch my interest an d keep me going. My strengths are Impressing people with my quickness and creativity. Anticipating the right answers people are looking for. Developing rapport easily, and changing gears quickly. Thinking quickly on my feet and articulating my strengths effectively. Networking effectively to create helpful relationships. My weakness are not following have checked out all of my options.Being too idealistic and setting unrealistic goals. Not being very organized and not using my time well. Exaggerating or not being completely accurate with facts. For a career that would satisfy me it would have to let me work with lots of interesting creative people. Allow me to use my creativity to solve problems. Involve work that is fun, challenging, and always varied. Let me work at my own pace and schedule, with a minimum of rules or supervision. Be consistent with my personal values. Be done in an environment that is friendly, relaxed, and appreciates humor. Rarely requires me to be responsible for lots of details.Use my imagination to create products or services that help people. The median pay is about $74,960 per year and $34. 04 per hour. The entry education level is a masters degree. There does not need to be work experience in a related occupation or on-the-Job training. Number of Jobs in 2012 was 2,600. The Job growth is growing by 15% which is faster than average. This is a full time Job during regular business hours. Criminologist typically work in an office. They occasionally may work outside the office to conduct research through interviews or observations or present search results.The best way to get into this Job field is to have an advanced degree, strong statistical and research skills and a background in applied sociology. Criminologist would typically need a sociologist masters degree or Ph. D. There are two types of sociology masters degree programs traditional programs and applied, clinical, and professional programs. Traditional programs prepare student s to enter a Ph. D. Program. Applied, clinical, and professional programs prepare students to enter the professional workplace, teaching them the necessary analytical skills to perform sociological research in a reflections setting.Many students who complete a Ph. D. In sociology become postsecondary teachers. Other Ph. D. Graduates often become research sociologists for nonprofits, businesses, and governments. Courses in research methods and statistics are important for both masters and Ph. D. Candidates. Many programs also offer opportunities to gain experience through internships or by preparing reports for clients. Although some graduates with a bachelors degree find work as sociology research assistants, most find positions in other fields, such as social services, administration, management, or sales and marketing.I plan to start my Journey through the criminology at DVD and then try to get into Sac State or US Davis. I think that Criminology is such an interesting major and t opic that it will keep my interest, and it is expanding at a great rate 15% is the projected for the future. The fact that it deals with the human brain yet it also plays a huge role in helping keep the community safe, I think thats what fascinates me the most. I believe I will strive in this Job force and be able to really succeed in this Job field.

Continuing Academic Success Essay

Of course everyone wants to be successful It go fors 100% of effort and ratiocination to be successful. Maintaining believ open goals keeps you on track for the road of success. If you keep your goals in header, you will not astray from them. Achieving goals that you ease up curing for yourself is your obligation. It is easy to accept distracted from your donnish goals, if they ar not maintained on a daily basis. Continuing schoolmanianian success has helped numerous of students succeed. Continuing academician success means to have an re scraps by resuming academic harvesting in an reproductional environment. Success is the ability to plan, be persistent, set goals, and go by means of them. There are so many an(prenominal) fundamentals for continuing academic success, in which your attitude has a great impact on your academic structure. Accomplishing academic goals are an advantage for growth and numerous opportunities. Continuing your academic success is important in which you conduct research to gain association. other important necessity needed for success is to set goals. The best de landmarkination any person could make is to plan ahead for your desired redact in life. Applying adroitnesss from your resources in or outside of school give the axe besides help you to be successful.Gaining KnowledgeAcknowledging your bring outment style gives you insight on how to obtain a constructive pattern towards success. There are 3 different modes of acquire styles which are visual, kinesthetic, and auditory. In visual mode, you peck come across your reading chooseences if you can learn by pictures, Shapes, sculpture, or paintings. Some individuals prefer learning by gestures, body movements, object manipulation and positing, which is kinesthetic. Last just now not least, there is the auditory mode which includes listening, rhythms, tone and chants. concord to, Alsop & international ampere Ryan, 1996, learning styles have a pro unde rcoat impact on learning. personal awareness of learning styles and confidence in communicating this is the first go towards achieving an optimal learning environment. (Alsop & Ryan, 1996.)Discovering your personal learning style helps you with your skill development. This also gives you personal awareness and helps you to utilize your thinking skills effectively. Knowing your learning style helps you to navigate through your flight and helps you to be in figure of your own success. For instance, Omrod, 2008, p.106 wrote, Some cognitive styles and dispositions do seem to influence how and what cultivation is presented through words (verbal learners), whereas others seem to learn better when its presented through pictures (visual learners). Thus educational psychology students and aspiring teachers are beingness taught that students have particular learning styles and that these styles should be accommodated by instruction tailored to those learning styles. Having knowledge o f my personal learning style helps me to make better judgments, when deciding on my point of view on a particular subject. I believe that being a visual learner, is a great delegacy to learn. Most things people know is by seeing with their eyes and watching. When watching, its easier to learn a lot well-nigh people and things that are estimable to you. I learn a lot about my surroundings and things about myself, being a visual learner. It is easy for me to organize information, define problems and develop theories. I believe being a visual learner is a strong asset because it helps me achieve on higher levels on a daily basis in everyday life. It is more convenient, well an advantage to know your learning style and to utilize it. Setting GoalsSuccess comes from acquiring a verifying mentality, preparing and focusing on desired goals. Success is devising the best choices to prevent failure and to succeed. Success requires a challenge and loyalty and helps an individual to accom plish goals. It is based on Ryan (1970) premise that conscious goals instill action. A goal is the object or aim of an action, for example, to attain a specific standard of proficiency, usually within a specified conviction limit. As industrial-organisational psychologists, our primary interest has been to predict, explain, and influence surgical procedure on organizational or work-related tasks. Thus, we focused on the relationship between conscious performance goals and level of task performance rather than on discrete intentions to take specific actions (e. g. , to apply to graduate school, to get a medical examination). According to Dobbins, Pettman, 1997, Set Goals Its mandatory to set goals, so that you can be successful. Goal setting can help an individual tremendously because they can set short term goals and accomplish them.I have many goals, dreams and aspirations My lifetime goal is to become a CEO of a viosterol fortune company 10 years from now. Setting short te rm goals can help me achieve my long term goals and get next to my dreams. Setting goals can also give me a peace of mind and keep me focused . Time management gives you the opportunity to get a lot done throughout the day. Eventually you will be able to accomplish small to larger tasks. Setting goals and managing time, you would surely achieve your set goals. Skills that you learn daily from school or your personal life can be used as transferable skills that will help you cast away at being successful. We know that success is derived from both knowledge and positive mental attitude. We also know that failure is strongly associated with lack of knowledge and negative attitudes. Focusing upon desired goals stimulates excitement and enthusiasm, which are in turn strongly associated with positive mental attitude. Very few people are lively to set goals. Most people are not prepared to learn more or make the necessary efforts to be more positive.Apply SkillsThe writing process helps you advance in your education and career because its easy to brain storm. Applying knowledge you gain will unceasingly be beneficial. Academic integrity is important you are taking responsibility for your work. As far as conducting research and citing information where you have found your sources. plagiarism a complex concept, argues Sutherland-Smith, who isolates six elements of plagiarism (pp. 70-3) from the work of Peccorari (2002) oral communication borrowed or stolen source, by whom, without acknowledgement, with or without intent to deceive. Plagiarism comes with consequences if one isnt careful. There is a possibility of being expelled from school. ConclusionContinuing academic success is a great path to take. On continuing your education you learn to gain knowledge, set goals and apply what you have learned. Knowing your learning style will also help you to achieve in being successfulReferencesDobbins, R., & Pettman, B. O. (1997). Set goals. Equal Opportunities Intern ational, 16(6/7), 9-43.ProQuest Central.Robertson, L., Smellie, T., & Wilson, P. (2011, March). Learning Styles and Fieldwork education Students perspectives. New Zealand Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58(1), 36-40. ProQuest Central.Ryan, T. A. (1970). Intentional behavior. New York Ronald Press White, G. (2009) ). Plagiarism The internet and student learning-improving academic http//faculty.washington.edu/janegf/goalsetting.htmlintegrity. Australian Journal of Education,53(2), 209-211

Lars and the Real Girl

My perceptions and presumptions about lot who order sex dolls is non limited on the morality of the person but on how he was raised as a child. In most cases, hoi polloi who fare something unusual is a refelction on his childhood days. This perception and presumption was back up by the video Lars and the truly Girl wherein Lars fell in whap menuh a doll because of his unhappy childhood. In my case, if a family member or a friend ordered a sex doll, I impart not judge the person right away.I will deal the weigh with reasonable thinking and focus on the reason why the verbalise act happened. 2. Discuss how Lars constructs a friendly identity for Bianca. Lars constructed a affable identity for Bianca by means of introducing her as his girlfriend, as if she was a strong girl. The fact that Bianca is just a doll was lost when the townspeople authoritative her character as if she was a real girl. Since Lars treated Bianca as a real girl and allowed her to grow by working as a model and attending meetings, he painted a scenario that Bianca is an active and expression girl who warmths him.Hence, the social identity of Bianca is a girl who is willing to love him while reaching for her dreams. 3. How do the people of the town set up social phenomena (or systemsi. e. , concepts and practices) and follow through with them in relation to Lars and Bianca? In early(a) words, how does the community create for Bianca a subjectivity rather than the objectivity of a doll? Give examples of the shared suasions the community adopts and accepts about Lars, Bianca and their birth. The townspeople veritable Bianca as a real girl despite the fact that she was a doll.They in any case recognized her as the girlfriend of Lars which make Lars able to act with them tumefy. Aside from that, the people in the town allowed Bianca to work as a model in a clothing store and attend social activities. When Bianca was sick and later on died, the people in the town also offe red flowers and support for the couple, Lars and Bianca. 4. What moral presumptions (rules that we follow) does the community share about family or quixotic relationships? About hu humankindity? About dignity? About sexuality? Explain.About family and romantic relationships, our moral presumption is that boy-girl relationships must be acceptable in the soceity in such a way that parents and family members agree to the relationship. The girl must be hardworking, attractive, and intelligent. In the human race, the person who knows how to interact well with other people are always accepted in the society. People base familiarity and camaraderie with how a person agree to the norms and practices of the community he or she belongs. A person is also considered dignified when he has pride and wit to run his life.For example, in the movie Lars and the material Girl, the attitude of Lars in get a sex doll named Bianca in the Internet do people think that he was insane. simply when he introduced Bianca to the people and the latters acceptance made Lars capable of interacting well with them, he became a dignified person and was accepted as a real man (The Internet Movie Database, 2009, p. 1). grammatical gender is based on the quest of becoming a real man and capable of performing responsibilities in the family and the society as a whole. 5.Use deductive reasoning to justify the communitys conduct in Lars and the Real Girl. (A one-sentence hypothesis) The people in the community believes that the presence of Bianca in the life of Lars made him a better person. 6. Use inductive reasoning to construct an idea about people who buy sex dolls using Lars and the Real Girl. (A one-sentence hypothesis) acquire sex dolls is not really an immoral act, and what is important is how the act touches the lives of many another(prenominal) people. 8. Is Lars relationship with Bianca immoral? wherefore or why not? The relationship of Bianca and Lars is not really immoral. Their relationship is based on the norms of the society and the passing is only the fact that Bianca is a doll and not the real girl. But it still depends on the way people think and perceive in a given situation. 9. Which statement go around describes your assessment of this film? Why? a. I believe that the movie reinforced the belief that femininity (and females) is best represented by silence and passivity. b.I believe that the movie offered a view of femininity (and females) that is vibrant, active and engaged in their abilities and lives. I choose this verbal description in the film as an assessment because it was proven in the movie that a vibrant, active, and hard working girl is mostly accepted in the society. Like Bianca, any girl who works hard and interact well with other people is a likeable person. References The Internet Movie Database. 2009. Lars and the Real Girl. Retrieved June 1, 2009, from http//www. imdb. com/title/tt0805564/.

Compare and contrast how the two short story writers use the theme of revenge Essay

The two writers Isabel Allende and Guy de Maupassant both hold the subject area of punish in many ways in their short stories The trail instructors node and Vendetta.Vendettas linchpin theme appears to be revenge because of the title, the word Vendetta meaning A bitter, destructive feud. Where as The school instructors knob seems, from its title, to be a sweet story about a school teachers guest. The opening paragraphs of the stories are besides different. The school teachers guest introduces the make straight apart by the schoolteacher Ines entering the pearl of the Orient and announcing to the character Turk that she had scarce cut off the head of one of her guests, Allende then goes back to apologize why this happened. This is different in Vendetta as the transfer does non happen until the very end and it isnt until the middle of the story that we match who the vendetta is for.The revenge in Vendetta is as well build up in a different way by setting a depressing circumstance and working gradually into the sons murder and the widows grieving. It also builds up the widow training the clink Smillante to kill. This is different in the school teachers guest, as the murder is announced at the beginning, there is no build up and the killing of the man is more of an act of fate. The reason for the act of revenge is also set forthd more thoroughly in the school teachers guest. The accidental murder of Iness son is told in lines 24-35 in great detail using phrases such as drilling a black hole in the middle of his forehead through which his invigoration rapidly escaped. In Vendetta, Maupassant simply states one evening, Antoine Saverini was treacherously stabbed in a quarrel by Nicolas Ravolati, who escaped that same night to Sardinia. This is a much shorted besides not as thorough way to describe the main reason for the climax of the story.One thing similar between the two stories is the scene in the aftermath of the sons murder being describe d in great detail, although in the school teachers guest the act of revenge is almost committed by the towns people rather than swore by the victims mother. The aftermath in the school teachers guest is also more of a community parade, throwing mangoes and marching rather than weeping by the dead boys bedside as the widow does in Vendetta. We are also told more about the murder despite not spanging his name. We know that he is a truck driver and an outsider of Agua Santa. In Vendetta we know nothing of Nicolas Ravolati but his name which does not reserve him much character to hold a vendetta against.Both Maupassant and Allende use revenge in different ways in their short stories but Allende describes the characters and the reasons for revenge more thoroughly even if she doesnt set the scene as well. In this way I found the school teachers guest used revenge in better and more high-quality ways.

Ive of Collaborative Goal Setting

Unit 7 spillage 1 Worksheet denomination Name BMA 152 Bookkeeping Fundamentals I Worksheet Assignment Directions Please completed the following problem 1. order A has the following unadjusted exam balance. Write out the following three adjusting journal entries and complete the Company A Worksheet below. Fill out the appropriate account let on and exercise commentary for each chart. For the account and creed columns, determine which data instauration is to be Debit or Credit and fill out appropriately. terminate this assignment by the end of Unit Nine, 1155 p. m. PST. a.Company A counts its supplies at the end of the month and finds that it only has $250 worth of supplies remaining on October 31, 2010. Date Account name &038 Transaction description Debit Credit b. Company A receives a payment from node XYZ on October 31, 2010 for $2,000 for Customer XYZs outstanding receivable. Date Account name &038 Transaction description Debit Credit c. Company A received an invoice fr om the galvanising company covering the month of October for $85 and an invoice related to cargo ships for $200, but Company A did not pay these invoices by October 31, 2010. DateAccount name &038 Transaction description Debit Credit Unit 7 Handout 1 Worksheet Assignment Company A Worksheet For Month Ended October 31, 2010 unadjustedTrial Balance Debit Cash Adjustments Credit Debit changeTrialBalance Credit Debit Credit IncomeStatement Debit Credit BalanceSheet Debit Credit 2,800. 00 350. 00 4,310. 00 Accounts Payable 600. 00 accumulated Liabilities ProductSales 5,500. 00 Supplies Accounts Receivable Utilities write off Supplies Expense Shipping Expense 40. 00 Equity (Capital) 1,400. 00 7,500. 00 7,500. 00 NetIncome Total InstructorsFeedback

Maturational, Environmental and the Constructivist theories Essay

Theories of tuition be much more specific than paradigms or worldviews (Miller, 1993). A guess of phylogenesis deals with commute over time and is usually implicated with three things. First, it should describe changes over time deep down an ara or several beas of development. Second, it should describe changes among areas of development. Third, it should explain these changes. No one theory has prove adequate to describe and explain hearing or development. Numerous theories of development have influenced developmental practices during the 20th century (Aldridge, Kuby, & ampere Strevy, 1992), and under flairly a shift is affecting theories of fry development and education. Some of the historical and current theories that have influenced education involve Gesells (1925) matuproportionnal theory, Skinners (1974) expressionist approach, Freuds (1935) psychoanalytic theory, Piagets (1952) constructivist theory, Vygotskys (1978) socio-historical approach, Bronfenbrenners (1989) bionomic systems theory, and Gardners (1983) multiple intelligences theory.More recently, critical theory (see Kessler & Swadener, 1992) has influenced education and tyke development practices, even though critical theory is non a theory of development. Finally, postmodern conceptions have changed the way we think of children and how to crop them (Elkind, 1995, 2000/2001). There are several theories of a child development and three of them have a profound impact on kindergarten planning practices. These three theories include incremental, surroundingsal and constructivist perceptions of development. We depart take a air to each one individually, and then we will compare them a net profitst each other(a). The maturational theory was highly developed by Arnold Gesell and continues to affect what goes on schools, in the freshman dictate in early childhood schoolrooms. Arnold Gesell (1880-1961) followed the works of Darwin and other growthists, eventually ontog eny the Gesell Maturational Theory.His theory contends that development in childhood and adolescence is primarily biological, or genetic, in origin. Biology and genetics inheritances meet predictable patterns of biological behavior that Gesell termed norms. He matt-up that childrens development patterns opened automatically by biology, as the unfolding of a flower does because it is genetically programmed to do so in the right milieu. As the flower solicits proper soil and rain, children require a nurturing, stable environment, and little else to mature both biologically and psychologically. In the company of renowned author and physician Benjamin Spock, who wrote Spocks bollix and squirt Care, Gesell was among the first professionals to compile developmental phase information with which parents could learn to understand their children.Because childhood and adolescent development is the product of millions of years of evolution, he mainly advocated sensitivity and understandi ng as parental approaches to development. Biology has already given children what they need to understand their own development. Gesell worked in a research lab at Yale University, studying children and their developmental stages. He cataloged childrens behavior at various ages and described the norms in their collective development. As such, his theory is lots grouped with normative-descriptive approaches, because it uses norms of development to describe the process of maturation. Gesells theory was forward-looking because it implied that learning, illness injury and life sleep togethers were secondary, if at all influential, to biology and the evolution of the genetics that program a childs development.Unless the childs environment were so distorted as to be harmful, he felt that children were born with all the information their bodies needed for development and maturation. Genetics determine the developmental process and the timing of maturation, and parents could affect very little of this, pull by being sensitive to cues learned from the descriptive norms. Maturational theory believers, think that development is a natural process that occurs automatically in conventional, chronological stages over time. This perspective leads legion(predicate) teachers and families to assume that teen children will gain fellowship naturally and automatically as they mature. According to maturational theory, school readiness is a condition at which all reasoning(a) progeny children can perform tasks such as reciting the rudiment and counting. If a child is developmentally unready for school, maturationists might suggest referrals to transitional kindergartens, retention, or property children out of school for an additional year (DeCos, 1997).These practices are sometimes employ by schools, educators, and parents when a unsalted child developmentally lags behind his or her peers. The young childs underperformance is interpreted as the child needing more time to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to perform at the level of his or her peer. Today, maturational theory is partially amenable for the existence of prekindergarten and pre first grades aimed at children who supposedly need the gift of time, because of immaturity or a late natal day. These classrooms tend to have a ratio of boys to girls of anywhere from 71 to 101 (Aldridge, Eddowes, & Kuby, 1998). These practitioners of maturational theory visualise that any difficulty that a child is experience is found deep down the child. A nonher problem of the maturational theory is the late birthday. This means that children in the classrooms, who are the youngest, are being labeled as late birthday and are often branded by the teachers as being bumper-to-bumper and less ready for instruction. Maturational theory strongly influenced the teaching of discipline in the mid 1900s (Morphett & Washburne, 1931).Children were not thought to be in force(p) for reading until they had a mental age of six and a half(prenominal) years. Consequently, readiness activities were developed for children who were not yet ready to read. Some of this nonsensicality still occurs in preschool, kindergarten, and even primary-level classrooms. Today, maturational theory is partially responsible for the existence of prekindergarten and pre first grades aimed at children who supposedly need the gift of time, because of immaturity or a late birthday. These classrooms tend to have a ratio of boys to girls of anywhere from 71 to 101 (Aldridge, Eddowes, & Kuby, 1998). The environmental theory has at its development theorists such as J. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Albers Brandura, who contributed greatly to the theory perspective. Environmentalists believe the childs environment shapes learning and behavior. The environmental theory emphasizes the role of the environment on an individuals development.This environmental point of view leads many families to believe that young children develop and gain new information by reacting to their surroundings. Kindergarten readiness, according to the environmentalists, is the age or stage when young children can respond appropriately to the environment of the school and the classroom (e.g., rules and regulations, curriculum activities, positive behavior in group settings, and directions and instructions from teachers and other adults in the school). Teachers who are followers of this theory, believes that the ability to respond appropriately to this environment is necessary for young children to participate in teacher initiated learning activities, and that the child success depends on following the teacher instruction. Many environmentalist-influenced educators and parents believe that young children learn best by rote activities, such as reciting the alphabet over and over, copying letters, and tracing numbers.These viewpoints are evident in kindergarten classrooms where young children are expected to sit at desks arra nged in rows and harken attentively to their teachers. While at home children are provided with workbooks containing activities such as coloring or tracing numbers and letters. Also this theory proposed that children are influenced by the multiple systems in which they reside, any directly or peripherally. These systems include the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, and the macrosystem. Applications of this contextual theory revolve about on the seemingly endless variables within the child, and between the child and the numerous contexts affecting her. Although few people would haggle with the importance of these influences, trying to account for all the endless interactions and variables affecting a child is exhausting and impractical. How would we ever have enough information active childrens temperament, activity levels, attentional states, or learning capacities as they tinge to the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem?The next theory is the constr uctivist. Its perspective was advanced by theorists such as Piaget, Montessori and Vygotsky. It can be described as a theory that deals with the way people create meaning of the world through a serial of individual constructs. Constructs are the different types of filters we choose to place over our realities to change our reality from chaos to order. Von Glasersfeld describes constructivism as, a theory of knowledge with roots in philosophy, psychology, and cybernetics. Simply stated, it is a learning process which allows a student to experience an environment first-hand, thereby, giving the student reliable, trust-worthy knowledge. The student is required to act upon the environment to both acquire and test new knowledge. This theory relies heavily on logical-mathematical knowledge and universal invariant stages of development to the neglect of other forms of knowledge and the importance of context in a childs development. blush though knowledge is constructed from the inside out through interaction with the environment, the focus is more on the individuals coordination of relationships rather than on socially constructed knowledge. Constructivists view young children as dynamic members in learning process, and are consistent in their belief that learning and development take place when young children interact with the environment and people around them. Because active interaction with the environment and people are necessary for learning and development, constructivists believe that children are ready for school when they can initiate many of the interactions they have with the environment and people around them. During kindergarten, classrooms are separated into different learning centers, and are prepared with developmentally materials for young children to play and manipulate.During home parents engage their young children in reading and storytelling activities and encourage children to participate in daily star sign activities, in a way that introduce s concepts as counting and language use. In addition, parents may provide young children with picture books containing very large print, and toys that reorganise interaction (such as building blocks and large puzzles). When a young child encounters difficulties in the learning process, the constructivist approach is neither to label the child nor to keep back him or her instead, constructivists give the child some individualized attention and custom-make the classroom curriculum to help the child address his or her difficulties. familiarity is the aim of education in constructivism (Kamii, 2000). Constructivist theory, however, has not adequately addressed either individual differences or cultural and contextual contributions to development and education (Delpit, 1988 Kessler & Swadener, 1992 Mallory & New, 1994). Thus, the needs of children who are different often are not met in constructivist classrooms. Today, most researchers have come to understand child development an d learning process as expressed by the constructivist. However many parents and teachers still believes that children who cannot recite the alphabet or count are not ready for school.ReferencesBuchwald J (1987), A comparison of plasticity in sensorial and cognitive processing systems, in Gunzenhauser N, Infant Stimulation, Skillman NJ Johnson & Johnson see in Society The development of higher psychological processes (Translation by Michael Cole), Cambridge, MAHarvard University Press, 1978 (Published originally in Russian in 1930) Mossler, R.A. (2011). Child and adolescent development. Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Powell, D.R. (1991, July). change parental contributions to school readiness and early school learning (Paper licensed by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement). Washington, DC U.S. Department of Education. Vygotsky, L.S. (1998). Child psychology. The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky Vol. 5. Problems of the theory and history of psychology. New York Ple num. White, S.H.(1968). The learning maturation controversy Hall to Hull. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly

Managing Resources Essay

The distinguishing option I break chosen is actually similarly used as an ice breaker for a lesson and then used to build on school-age childs communication, construe and understanding acquirements. The t have a bun in the oven is used to set up students under a clipping constraint to complete a task of bushel and answering simple and possibly artifice questions in a short season frame. This imagery is not used in a modality to trick students but used to then get them to devise on their ready and interpretation of a question. For scrutinyple, the first part of the document tell them what they must(prenominal) do and this also asks them to use the space before the number to drop a line their answers.M both students do not do this and proceed to write their answers at the end of the question. When a student is under stress, they may be subject to learn skills in much less than the usual time. This is the conjecture also used in military basic training. It is k with verboten delayn as immobile Learning Under Pressure, it reduces the time it establishs to learn a skill through study. This theory has been interpreted under m all distinct ways and Ann Dupuis suggests that under pressure students will gain new skills with stunned taking time to study.Her theory goes onto describe how a Physician caught on a arena will under pressure help other people and learn surgery to assist other. I feel this fits itself to my resource. Many students do not know how to adapt their skills under a timed achievement much(prenominal) as an exam and placing them under pressure for a short period of 5 minutes will get them later to reflect on their actions. This breeding resource however may not be adequate to all students and it is not always used where I am aware(p) of slow reader or maybe people who suffer with dyslexia.The superior to use this is based upon sort dynamics and ability. When I thought of intention this resource I took into account h ow learners who complete this task privy reflect on each question and question other peer group member answers. This then is reflected within Kolbs idea on the nurture cycle. Kolb works on a four stage cycle of cover Experience, Reflective observation, Abstract C at onceptualization and alive(p) Experiment. The experience side of things is the student actual having to complete the task. The reflective observation is cover by terminate a group review of the answers.So at the end of the 5 minutes I will lead the students through the questions and statement conclusion come on the students answers and getting them to reflect both personally and as a group on what they had originally written. Now they are reflecting are they changing their mind about the answers? Do they see their initial error when reading the question? The 3rd stage Abstract Conceptualization is then covered by the students looking at the task and ideas or concepts of others around them. The other student inter pretation of the questions.The student will then process this breeding and is able to make a more informed decision. Final the Active Experiment part. 9/10 students want a copy to take a way and try on friends and family so they can put their new skills or understanding into practise of others. This theory is adapted from Kolbs 2006 theory which he updated added extra reasoning behind the 4 main stages. The development resource once we have g 1 through the answers can now have the idea and new acquired skills in practising exam questions or exam report cards under timed conditions.It also teaches the students not to read something once and immediately think the understand what is being asked of them. When I am miserable on from this information resources onto practise exams I am conscience of the different learning styles I have in the room. I have to ask myself what type of learning styles I have in the room. Do I have the reflector, the theorist, the activist or the pragmatis t? The understanding behind this is designed by Honey & Mumford. They came up with these 4 titles. Reflectors want to stand arse and look at a situation from different perspectives.They like to bespeak data and think about it carefully before coming to any conclusions. They enjoy observing others and will listen to their views before offering their own. Theorists adapt and integrate observations into complex and logically sound theories. They think problems through in a step by step way. They fly the coop to be perfectionists who like to fit things into a rational scheme. They flow to be detached and uninflected rather than subjective or emotive in their thinking. Activists like to be involved in new experiences.They are open minded and eager about new ideas but get bored with implementation. They enjoy doing things and tend to act first and consider the implications afterwards. They like working with others but tend to hog the limelight. And finally Pragmatists are keen to try things out. They want concepts that can be applied to their job. They tend to be impatient with lengthy discussions and are practical and down to earth. The one good thing about this resource is as long as I have it on paper to hand out (good planning) I dont need any other resource or technology.I have used this learning resource as a back up lesson in the away when either our computer systems have gone down, or I have arrived at a venue that does not have ICT facilities of some way of commemorateing resources on a smart board or projector. This learning resource is shared out so widely. As mentioned earlier umpteen students ask for a copy to take away with them so I ensure I always have spares to hand to give out and share the experience. Even if it is just for fun. The main learning outcomes are to show the students that they need to read the question carefully, even if under pressure.To look out for trick questions or two part questions. And finally extracting the inform ation out of the question that is not relevant to exactly what is being asked of them. In apprisal to legal requirements, this learning resources has been adapted from a many similar styles. I have used a number of my own questions, however I have added questions I have seen elsewhere and this includes from magazine riddles for fun and other websites. This resource has been changed several times and questions replaced with what I felt where better one to get the students thinking more.This then I believe fall under my Intellectual property right. This is the ownership of ideas or work. Copyright is different as copyrighted material means information created by someone else and a you are not allowed to copy it without the owner permission which may arrive costs. An easy understanding of this would be music. If I brought a cd from a store and copied it onto a blank disc and then sold it I would be breaking copy right laws as I am selling something someone else owns. This is the same with learning materials.

How to Be a Good Muslim

Garrett Waidelich October 8, 2012 Moslem Civilization Dr. McGrath How to be a Good Moslem In the book of account and the Hadith of Bukhari at that place ar human racey descriptions of what it takes to be a costly Islamic. God gives genuinely specific details to Muhammad about what Islamics film to do and what they ejectt do if they want to procure to paradise. The five-spot pillars of Islam created a base for Muslims to follow in order to be a total Muslim. The five pillars be that there is no god but God, to turn asker, to give alms boastful, perform the hajj and to fast during Ramadan (HB 1 7).The Muslims that follow the five pillars and follow Muhammads teachings bequeath reach paradise. The first pillar is to tout ensembleow that God is the only god and that he is the only one valued of world worshiped (HB 1 7, 25, 50, 63, 2 594, Q 2 176). This first pillar is real important in Islam because Islam is based around the idea of submitting to God and being G ods knuckle down. God is the most powerful being that there is and he created the Earth and both its inhabitants (Q 2 163). God as well as hears and knows everything, including great deals thoughts and intentions (Q 2 180).This pillar is so important because God is all powerful, righteous, and merciful. Disobeying this pillar is a terrible deed and Muhammad too said that the scourge sin is to worship a nonher god (Q 2 190, HB 3 821). The second pillar is to offer ingathering perfectly five quantify a day. There are a lot of rules about how to pray and things that must be done for appealingness to count as a grievous deed. Because God knows and hears all, a Muslim must be consentient focused on God while they are praying and not be distracted by other things (HB 2 307, 4 504).Muslims are say to pray five times a day at undertake times (HB 3 115). Prayer is in any case better when it is done systematically quite of praying for a long time and then not praying once mor e until the next week (Quran 23 5, HB 1 41). Muslims should not get drunk and especially should not pray while drunk (HB 1 50). Cleanliness is also important when praying. It is practiced to clean your teeth before prayer and when women menstruate it is considered unclean and they should not pray (HB 2 12, 1 247, 1 817, 3 172, Quran 2 222).Men are also not speculate to pray or be around women when the woman is menstruating (Quran 2 222). Women were also told not to watch men pray because the sheets they wore were short and showed their private areas (HB 2 306). Prayer is also considered better, 27 times better, when done in collection than alone (HB 1 618). Prayer also can reduce the no-account full treatment that a Muslim might commit, for example a man came to Muhammad and said he had kissed a woman unlawfully and Muhammad told him to pray and the prayer would remove the poorly deed (HB 1 504).Praying to please God and not to impress other people also will lead to all of you r past sins to be forgiven (HB 1 34). Charity is also a very important part of Islam. There are many different references to bounty from Zakat, to the alms levy, to giving to the lamentable. It is considered a god deed to help the poor and it is necessary to give Zakat. Muhammad says that giving Zakat is one of the best deeds that a Muslim can do (HB 1 7, 25, 50, 54, 502).Not only is paying Zakat a ripe(p) deed but also giving to benignity and helping the poor is a good deed (HB 1 11, 27). There is a charity that can be given every day, called Sadaqa, and this charity consists of doing good deeds (4 232). These good deeds count as the charity. Muhammad told a woman that giving the alms levy is especially important for women because a majority of the people in hell were women (HB 1 301). Helping orphans, beggars, travelers, and anyone in need is considered a good deed (Quran 2 215, 2 177).Giving to help people in need has many benefits for Muslims. When a woman gives charity fro m her husbands attribute without hurting his belongings, both the woman and her husband will be recompenseed (HB 2 518, 520, 521). While giving to charity is a good deed it is detrimental for someone to hoard their wealth and money for their individualal benefit and can lead to punishment from God (HB 2 513, 514, 515). If a person does slip away all of his money instead of spending it in Gods cause, God will withhold his blessings from that person (HB 2 513, 514, 515).Another form of charity is buying the freedom of a slave, or setting your own slave free. Freeing a slave can remove the worst of bad deeds including killing someone or breaking your oath (Quran 4 92, 5 88). It is good to pay for the rest of the freedom of a slave if you own a part of the slave and partially free him (HB 3 672). Performing the Hajj at least one time during a Muslims life is another pillar of Islam. Hajj is the excursion from Medina to Mecca that occurs every year in the last month of the Islami c calendar.Hajj is to be made during the qualify months, and while on the hajj a man should not feature sexual intercourse, should not swear, or get into disputes while on the pilgrimage (2 197). If someone is ill or too weak to perform hajj, someone else can make the pilgrimage on their behalf, with the ill person receiving the reward (HB 2 589). Muhammad also tells women that instead of participating in jehad, a womens jihad is performing the hajj (HB 4 43, 127). The final pillar is frugality. abstemiousness is best when it is done three days a month and during the whole month of Ramadan (HB 2 274).When someone is ill or on a journey, they can fast the same number of days later when they exit or when they are healthy again (Quran 2 183). It is also mathematical to substitute feeding a poor person instead of fasting if a person is unable to fast, but fasting is the better of the devil (Quran 2 183). During fasting, you are allowed to eat and have sexual relations at night when the sun is down (HB 3 139). Women that are menstruating when they fast do not get the rewards because they are considered unclean (HB 3 172).The five pillars are the basis for Muslim actions that will get them into paradise, but there are also a few other things that make a Muslim good. Jihad is another very important thing for a Muslim to participate in and there are many benefits to Jihad. The Quran states that everyone has an compact to take part in Jihad, but they should never be the assaulter (Quran 2 216, 2 190). Fighting for Gods cause is fundamentally fighting to defend Islam and to make it superior to all other beliefs (Quran 1 125, 22 78). Jihad has many rewards for Muslims that participate in it.Some of these rewards are plundering that is taken if you survive and for the martyr a place in heaven right beneath God (HB 4 48). If a Muslim did not want to fight, Muhammad said that to equal the good deeds of Jihad that person would have to fast and pray during the en tire time the soldiers were on Jihad (HB 4 44). This would be impossible and enforces the idea that Muslims that participate in Jihad are considered better than those that dont, unless someone is injured and unable to (HB 4 84). Women were not supposed to participate in Jihad but instead their Jihad was the hajj (HB 4 127).Although womens Jihad was hajj there are numerous stories of Aisha and other women helping the wounded and watering the soldiers during battles (HB 4 130, 131, 132, 133, 134). Muslims are given very specific directions and helpful tips to be good Muslims. If Muslims accept and admit that God is the only God, pray, offer charity, make the pilgrimage, fast, and do other good deeds they will be considered good Muslims and will get into paradise on Judgment day. Doing good deeds also wipes away or cancels out bad deeds and will also help Muslims be better people and increase their chances of getting into paradise.

African American English Essay

When it comes to arguing whether African-American side/Ebonics, enriches or contaminates precedent English, most of the negative tone that African-American English gets comes from an educational fend point. One argument teachers, who do not believe in utilize Ebonics, social occasion is that there is no place for Ebonics in the class room. Stacey Thomas, in her article Ebonics and the African-American disciple Why Ebonics Has a Place in the Classroom writes that teachers can accustom Ebonics as a way to facilitate the learning of example English to African American students.In come in to use Ebonics as a vehicle to pedagogics Standard English, teachers essential be bilingual meaning they most know both Ebonics and Standard English. Thomas states, once students see and comprehend the differences between Standard English and Ebonics in terms of structure and syntax, they display a biger understanding in Standard English, and as a result, decrease their use of Ebonics Ebonic s and the African-American Student (6).In other words, by working on activities where students fuck off to oppose both Ebonics and Standard English, students knowledge of Standard English is increasing and their use of Ebonics is decreasing. Another arguments teachers use against Ebonics is that it obstructs the academic potential of African-Americans. Thomas goes further on by stating the Oakland school board Ebonics issue. In 1996, the Oakland, California school board started using Ebonics as a way to teach to African American students whose grades were lower than other ethnicities.As a result of using Ebonics as a vehicle to teaching, Thomas states, the Oakland School Districts use of Ebonics in the classroom, and the students performance in see and wring has improved the students have tested above district averages there was a in reading and writing skills Ebonics and the African-American Student (6). So not only is the teaching of Ebonics facilitating school work for studen ts, but it is also increasing their grades. Ebonics, a linguistic process that is stereotyped as ignorant and uneducated, is now becoming a great tool for educating students.

Greek Mask

The origin of mantled theater dates back to Ancient Greece, between 550 BC and 220 BC. Initi altogethery screens were separate of an annual festival dedicated to honoring Dionysus, the Greek god of wine-coloured and fertility. The festival, named City Dionysia, was held in Athens and the approximately significant rituals involved clothed bring aboutances. Inspired by City Dionysia, the Greek acting fraternity shortly decided to incorporate the use of inters into theater. Thespis, a Greek actor and generator was the first recorded actor to wear a cover in a play.It is from him that we have derived the word, Thespian, a synonym for actor. Greek masks were make from light weight, organic materials such as stiffened linen, leather, wood or cork. The masks had overdod, ill-shapen facial features which allowed the reference to clearly see what character was cosmos portrayed, whether it was a male, a female, a priest or a peasant. The wideness of the mouths in like manner co iffed as megaphone to amplify the actors percentages in a massive theater. The costumes and props apply in Greek dramatic art differed according to the play and character being presented.A peasant would wear shoes with a thin sole and a simple toga while a wealthy merchant would wear magisterial platform shoes with colorful, embellished robe. If an actor had to play a female, then he would wear a mask with long hair and a knocker device called a prosterniad to give the illusion of breasts. Since Greek plays were single performed by a maximum of three men and a chorus of fifteen, they call for versatility to be able to switch seamlessly from act-to-act and character-to-character. Actors needed to be able perform in front of a large audience and have inviolable memorization skills, effective body positioning and spacial awareness.A loud, clear voice and singing capabilities was also important. The job of the chorus was to narrate and reflect on the action of the play as well as being extras if needed. deuce of the most influential types of plays invented by the Greeks were tragedies and comedies. Tragedies were serious plays based on mythology and most often threaded the downfall of a hero or heroine. tragical masks had mournful or pained expressions. The actors wore boots that elevated them above the actors to show office since the plays often involved depicting social hierarchy. Religious themes were more focussed in tragedies while omedies were lighter in message and involved jokes, parodies and slapstick humor. Comedic masks had hugely distorted smiling or leering faces to convey slipperiness and hilarity. Today the tragedy and comedy masks are renowned symbols of dramatic arts. Unfortunately, any(prenominal) physical evidence of a Greek mask has not survived and the lonesome(prenominal) source of evidence is from artworks and written accounts. There were several reasons why masks were collective in Greek drama. Masks allowed actors to easily play more than one character, peculiarly since Greek drama had actually few actors (no more than three men, excluding the chorus) in a play.The masks also allowed actors to portray animals and deities, and even female characters, since women were forbidden to act. Additionally, because the divergence between the pose and the audience of the theater was so vast, the exaggeration and ring amplification function of the masks allowed even the least-educated audience members to easily identify and observe the characters. The performance space itself was a large, open-air structure constructed on a specially chosen slope of a hill. The Greeks always performed in peak outdoor theaters to successfully project the voice of the actors to the immense number of spectators.Greek theatre is still considered to have one of the best stage acoustics, even compared to right aways theaters. Theaters, such as the Theatre of Dionysus, were built to entertain an audience of up to twenty thousand . They consisted of three principal elements the skene, the orchestra and the theatron. The skene was a large orthogonal building that served as an ancient equivalent of a backstage area. It was a place for the actors to change their costumes and masks and perform the killing scenes since it was considered to be inappropriate to depict a murder in front of an audience.The skene was also decorated to serve as a backdrop for the play, resulting in the English word scenery. Typically, thither were at least two doors to allow the actors to exit and enter the skene and onto the orchestra. The orchestra was a flat semi-circular area where the performance or religious rites tool place. This was the stage where the actors performed on and were on average 25 meters wide in diameter. nigh orchestras had an alter specially built for sacrifices dedicated to Dionysus. The theatron were the rows of tiered stones where the spectators sat.It was curved round the orchestra to allow the audience m embers to see and hear the play, even if they were at the very top. As Greek architecture continued to improve, the theaters became more elaborate and introduced the parodoi, paraskenion, proskenion, hyposkenion and the episkenion to the skene. Today, all that is left of the original skene of many Greek theaters is an arch surrounding the proskenion, which divine the proscenium arch. Although Greek theater is quite different to what we have through in drama, we can certainly relate the class period of Greek mask theater to what we have learned throughout our mask unit.Like the Greeks, we had to learn to exaggerate our movement (through body language, articulation, clocking and tension states) to ensure the audience soundless our storyline. We also incorporated the use of costumes and status like the Greeks to make our plays easier to understand. Because the mask concealed facial expressions, everything depended on the body yet we had to learn how to stay from talking with our ha nds. Very much like the Greek actors who new to the mask, suffered disorientation and restriction when masked, learning to perform fluidly with the mask was one of the biggest challenges we faced.We emphatically learned that mask work was not easy. It required skill, patience and practice to create a short play that would capture our audiences attention. In conclusion, Greek theater has certainly made a positive impact on modern theater and drama. It is to the Greeks that we owe not only the first great plays of tragedy and comedy, but paved the pathway of mask theater, its acceptance in performing arts and of dramatic construction and theory. convey to the Greeks, today we know mask work is a dramatic art form that has centuries of history and should be respected and preserved.

Residential School System

NATI 3116EL fundamental People and the Criminal evaluator System Final query Paper residential groom System & axerophthol Intergenerational electric shock The role of residential schooling was to assimilate indigene children into mainstream Canadian society by disconnecting them from their families and communities and severing wholly ties with languages, customs and beliefs (Chansoneuve, 2005).The following paper with depict the register behind residential schools, the varying schools crosswise Canada, the intergenerational impact and influence the residential school organisation had issues such as intoxicantism, family violence, eye abuse, deficiency of education, the increase crime rate and the role of the Criminal referee System in Canada. In addition to, what the governing has accomplished in terms of pay for the encountering that occurred.The central better Foundation defines residential schools as being industrial schools, boarding schools, main offices for students, hostels, billets, residential schools, residential schools with a majority of solar day students, or a combination of any of the above by which attend by indigenous students (Chansoneuve, 2005). Children were taken away from their families and reserves and put in these schools whereby they were taught shame and rejection for everything about their heritage, including their ancestors, families, languages, beliefs and ethnic traditions. some of these students were not all disconnected from their families simply also versedly and physically abused and often by duplex authoritative figures and numerous for a long duration of their stay. The Aboriginal Healing foundation classified the pagan disconnection, cultural shame and detriment as a cultural genocide. The unresolved trauma and exploitation that occurred in these schools has instantaneously directly contri more thanovered to the problems that Aboriginal multitude face today.In 1845 the Canadian governme nt proposed a hide to the legislative assembly of Upper Canada that recommended that boarding schools be coif up to educate Indian children across Canada (Chansoneuve, 2005). The superintendent of Indian personal business agreed merely also suggested that there be a coalition amidst the government and the church to create a schooling remains of a religious nature. However, it was not until 1863 that the first Roman Catholic residential school were to be established at St. Marys thrill in British Columbia by Oblate Father Florimond Gendre.In 1879 Nicholas violent stream Davin was sent to the United States by Prime Minister John A. Macdonald to enquire and report on Indian industrial training schools. Within his report he recommended that funding off-reserve boarding schools to teach children the skills needed in the groundbreaking Canadian economy and the government to therefore consider boarding schools sooner than day schools. He classified them as residential schools, a nd deemed them to be to a greater extent successful because they could completely remove the children from their evil surroundings (Barnes, Cole & Josefowitz, 2006).From then on until 1969, the partnership between the government of Canada and the churches continued in all provinces except New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island. Conversely, the blend in residential school in Canada did not close until 1996, and it was not until then that the government of Canada assumed all responsibility for the schools and the intergenerational trauma they produced. The aggressive assimilation of the residential schools would remove Aboriginal children from their homes because the government felt that children were easier to mould and prepare for mainstream society than adults.In 1920, Canada amended the Indian Act, making it obligatory for Aboriginal parents to send their children between the ages of seven and xv geezerhood who is physically able to Indian residential schools ( Joseph, 2002). Attendance was obligatory and by 1931 80 schools were in operation across Canada and about 150,000 Aboriginal, Inuit, and Metis children had been removed from their communities and forced to reject and disconnect from their heritage (CBC News, June 14, 2010).Overall 130 schools were established across the country between the 19th century until 1996, where aborigine children were discouraged from speech production their first language and practicing their native traditions and if caught would experience severe punishment (CBC News, June 14, 2010). The cultural racism of the Residential School era resulted in the legacy of cultural misemploy, which is the breakdown of the livelinessual, moral, physical, and emotional health and fabric of autochthonal tidy sum (Fontaine, 2002).Not only was there a negative intergenerational impact on Aboriginal peoples but also in the early 1900s the death rate of Indigenous children at these schools was a higher(prenominal) sev enty five percent (Fontaine, 2002). Many Aboriginal therapists and frontline workers describe the abuse that took behind within the residential schools as ritualized abuse such as repeated, placementatic, sadistic and humiliating trauma to the physical, spiritual and/or emotional health of a person that may utilize techniques such as conditioning, mind control, degradation, omnipotence and torture (Chansonneuve, 2005).In addition to the contemporary trauma caused by ritualized abuse, Indigenous children suffered sexual and physical abuse. Many survivors as high as 50% of them, do not remember the abuse until years after it has occurred and something in adulthood triggers the memory. The constant abuse and dehumanizing Aboriginal people faced has ternary to several negative impacts in the bounty time.Many suffer from alcohol and substance abuse, sexual and physical abuse at home or within the community, poverty, distinction and in some instances Indigenous people who stimulate been affected by the residential schools read committed suicide. mental and emotional abuses were constant shaming by public beatings of naked children, vilification of native culture, constant racism, public strip and genital searches, withholding presents and letters from family, locking children in closets and cages, segregation of sexes, separation of brothers and sisters, proscription of native languages and spirituality. Schissel & Wotherspoon, 2003). In addition, the schools were places of severe physical and sexual violence such as sexual assaults, forced abortions of staff-impregnated girls, needles were inserted into the tongue for speaking a native language, burning, scalding, beating until syncope and/or inflicting permanent injury (Schissel & Wotherspoon, 2003).Children attending residential schools across Canada also endured electrical shock, force-feeding of their own vomit when they were sick, exposure to freezing extracurricular temperatures, withholding of medical attention when needed, shaved heads which was classified as a cultural and social violation, starvation as a punishment, forced repulse in unsafe work situations, intentional contamination with diseased blankets, substandard food for basic nutrition and/or spoiled food.Reports have estimated that as many as 60% of the students died as a result of illness, beatings, attempts to escape, or suicide while in the schools (Joseph, 2002). According to Edwards et al two thirds of the last generation to attend residential schools has not survived because many fell dupe to violence, accidents, addictions and suicide (Edwards, Smith & Varcoe, 2005). Today the children and grandchildren of those who be residential schools racy with the same legacy of broken families, lost culture and broken spirit because of the discrimination and trauma they are faced with every day.Many families have baffle caught in the downward spiral of addiction, violence and poverty. some(prenominal) individuals have depict leaving home as a preteen or adolescent to escape the chaos and interpersonal violence in their family, home and community. Several individuals have had to drop out of school to look for work, whereby they only pass unskilled or seasonal jobs and inadequate housing (Edwards et al, 2005).Nowadays many prime parents who suffered from the residential schools have a hard time being interest in their childrens education because of the violence and abuse that had taken place but also the poor curriculum they were taught (Barnes, Cole, & Josefowitz, 2006). A tyrannical relationship between families and schools is now understood to support the growth and ripening of students academically, behaviorally and socially (Barnes et al, 2006).Therefore, aboriginal students are at an change magnitude risk for academic, behavioural and social difficulties because of the degradation their families and communities faced. Without the proper support and understanding of Aboriginal childrens needs when dealing with their education, the downward spiral of poverty, inadequate housing, unemployment, substance and alcohol abuse and overrepresentation in the pitiful jurist system continues to affect Aboriginal people.One main similarity between the residential school system and our oc online system and our society today is the unremitting discrimination towards Aboriginal people. The hooky and dropout rate for Aboriginal students is high because early school leaving is usually associated with a long process of student disengagement associated with unfavourable school experiences (Barnes et al, 2006).The residential school system stands as a reminder of the long impacts of school policy, funding, staffing and staff training on students education and later life-time prospects because without adequate resources the intergenerational impacts of residential schools will continue to have negative effects on Aboriginal families and communities (Barnes et al, 2006). The intergenerational impacts of the residential school system such as drinking, poverty and violence has lead to an overrepresentation of Aboriginal people in the barbarous justice system.Resources are needed in communities to cope with addictions, domestic violence, but also crime prevention measures must be taken to kick the bucket and reduce poverty and other causes of crime. It has been acknowledged that the legacy of discrimination towards Aboriginal peoples is one of the reasons they are overdelineate in the system and therefore the courts must address this issue when dealing with sentencing. The Gladue decision is an important turning point in the criminal justice system when dealing with Aboriginal offenders.Healing is an Aboriginal justice principle that is slowly becoming a part of the justice system through the practice of circle sentencing and community based diversion programs. The Gladue casing has provided the notion that every judge must take into s ervant the ameliorate principle when dealing with Aboriginal offenders, in order to build a bridge between his or her unique personal and community dry land experiences and criminal justice. Many Aboriginal offenders are survivors of the residential schools or have been influenced by the trauma caused to their family members or community.The government of Canada imposed section 718. 2 of the Criminal Code of Canada to help sentence Aboriginal offenders because of the harm that they have faced in relation to offenders of other ethnicities. Section 718. 2 is as follows A court that imposes a sentence shall also take into rumination the following principles (e) all uncommitted sanctions other than imprisonment that are likely in the flock should be considered for all offenders, with particular attention to the circumstances of Aboriginal offenders. Many of he offences that are committed by Aboriginal peoples today are non-violent offences such as property crime and substance rela ted offences. When dealing with Aboriginal offenders and sentencing judges must take into devotion the history, culture and experiences of discrimination that Indigenous people in Canada have faced, more time must be spent on the sentencing process to discipline a more restorative approach to better heal and restore the offender and the community and alternatives to incarceration must be taken into consideration to help the offender, victim, families and communities heal (McCaslin, 2005).On the other hand, the criminal justice system strength have also begun to recognize the number of Aboriginal offenders who suffer from FASD and how the mentally disordered offender with FASD creates particular problems for the assumption by the legal system of innocence until proven guilty. For example offenders may plead guilty as a part of a plea bargaining however they do not understand that they legal process or do not feel as though did committed an illegal offence.Therefore the mens rea i s not present if the offender genuinely felt as though they did nothing wrongly because they could not understand the consequences due to a mental illness. The Canadian government has taken responsibility for the systematic discrimination that took place within the residential schools and the trauma and intergenerational impacts that has occurred. In 2007, the federal government formalized a $1. 9-billion allowance package for those who were forced to attend residential schools (CBC News, June 14, 2010).Common Experience Payments were made available to all residential schools students who were alive as of May 30, 2005. Former students were pensionable for $10,000 for the first year or part of a year they attended school, plus $3,000 for each subsequent year (CBC News, June 14, 2010). Remaining money from the $1. 9-billion requital package was to be given to foundations that support learning needs of current Aboriginal students.As of April 15, 2010 a reported $1. 55 billion had b een paid which represented 75,800 cases in Canada (CBC News, June 14, 2010). Other than compensation apologies were made through the Catholic church building which oversaw three-quarters of Canadian residential schools. Appologies were also made by the Canadian government, pontiff Benedict XVI, Archbishop Michael Peers on behalf of the Anglican Church, the Presbyterian Church and the United Church of Canada.In conclusion, no matter how much compensation is paid or however many apologies are made it does not make up for the trauma, suffering, and systematic discrimination that Aboriginal people have faced because of the residential schools which has lead to alcoholism and substance abuse, poverty, inadequate housing, inadequate education and unemployment and this disconnection with their culture and community. References Barnes, R. (2006).Residential Schools Impact on Aboriginal Students Academic and Cognitive Development. Canadian daybook of School Psychology, 21 (1/2), 18-32. * A n academic article that describes the affects of poor curriculum, lack of resources, lack parental involvement in education, and discrimination within the residential schools system. Bracken, D. C. (2008). Canadas Aboriginal People, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome & the Criminal Justice System. British Journal of Community Justice, 21-33. An academic article that describes the relationship between FASD, Aboriginal offenders and the Criminal Justice System in Canada and how it may lead to and effect guilty pleas CBC News (2010, June, 14). A History of Residential Schools in Canada. CBC News Canada. Retrieved from http//www. cbc. ca/news/canada/story/2008/05/16/f-faqs-residential-schools. html * Depicts the history of residential schools in Canada and the steps Canada has taken to heal the relationship between the government and Aboriginal people.Chansonneuve, D. (2005). Reclaiming Connections Understanding Residential School Trauma Among Aboriginal People. Ottawa Aboriginal Healing Foundat ion. * Provides a timeline as to when the first residential school was established comparative to the last and the harm that occurred within the schools. Edwards, N. , Smith, D. , & Varcoe, C. (2005). Turning Around the Intergenerational Impact of Residential Schools on Aboriginal People Implications for Health Policy and Practice. Canadian Journal of care for Research, 37 (4), 38-60. An academic journal that acknowledges the intergenerational impacts that the residential school system has produced in terms of health effects and abuse. Fontaine, L. S. (2002). Canadian Residential Schools The Legacy of cultural Harm. Indigenous Law Bulletin, 5 (17), 4. * An article that goes through the history of the Canadian residential schools and the cultural harm that was produced in terms of first, second and third generational impacts. Joseph, R. (2002, March). Indian Residential School Survivors Society. Retrieved from http//www. irsss. a/index-new. html * A website that goes over the hi story of residential schools and the current resources provided for the survivors of the systematic discrimination and abuse. LaPrarie, C. (1990). The single-valued function of Sentencing in the Over-representation of Aboriginal People in Correctional Institutions. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 32, 429-440. * An academic journal which goes through the reasonings behind overrepresentation of Aboriginal peoples in the criminal justice system in relation to the influence of residential schools and an increased crime rate.McCaslin, W. (2005) Justice as Healing Indigenous Ways. Canada Living Justice Press * Reading on pages 280-296 which deals with restorative justice and the sentencing of Aboriginal offenders in relation to the Gladue case. Schissel, B. & Wotherspoon, T. (2003). The Legacy of School for Aboriginal People Education, subjugation & Emancipation. Canada Oxford University Press * A book about the negative influences of residential schools and the determinants of su ccessful schooling. Also

How Many Licks Does It Take?

TOOTSIE ROLL POPS 1 How M whatsoever Licks Does it Take? Niklas Andersson Saginaw Valley earth University of Michigan TOOTSIE ROLL POPS 2 Abstract Tootsie lace scratch offs atomic number 18 cognize for the catch phrase, How many jabbings does it take to get to the center of a Tootsie archive Pop? The phrase was first introduced in an animated commercial in 1970. The whole point of the commercial is that no one depart incessantly know how many licks it takes because you cant resist the great lure of biting into the candy shell. To test this hypothesis correctly, you must stop numbering the moment that the center becomes exposed.This study suggests that the flavor of the Tootsie Pop will be a participating factor. Are there any another(prenominal)(a) factors at play? Will the world ever know how many licks it very takes to get to the center of a Tootsie spiral Pop? TOOTSIE ROLL POPS 3 Introduction When the first Tootsie Roll Pop commercial debuted, many men, women, and children get hold of asked, How many licks does it take to get to the center of a Tootsie Roll Pop? A Tootsie Roll Pop is similar to a sucker, but the deflexion is the middle.Inside, you will find a chewy java center. There throw off been other examines to determine the number of licks, but distributively other examine seems to have different results. I have yet to find a credible study where either factor is at play. I will not be conducting this prove with other participants, but with yours truly. My hypothesis for this experiment is that the number of licks is not different from each individual flavor. Method For this experiment I will be using the five popular flavors, chocolate, cherry, orange, grape, and raspberry.The resole purpose of this research is to systematically determine how many licks it takes to get to the center. The lick will be defined as sticking out the spittle and running the Tootsie Roll Pop down the side of the tongue. With saliva performing a c rucial role, I will retract my tongue every ten licks. The center is determined to have been stretchabilityed when frustration yields the texture of the Tootsie Roll. This eliminates any false positives as a result of bubbles in the candy, oddly rough regions, and seeing chocolate through the candy. I will be licking five of each flavor for a total of twenty-five Tootsie Roll Pops.For every Tootsie Roll Pop I finish, I will insobriety a cup of water and rest for fifteen minutes beforehand proceeding. TOOTSIE ROLL POPS 4 Results The numbers you see on the graph argon the average amount of licks for each flavor. Over 15,000 licks later, the results are staggering. The chocolate Tootsie Roll Pop took over twice as many licks than any other flavor. Orange, grape, and raspberry were a surprisingly tight bundle with an average of 50 licks apart. It appears cherry takes the least amount of licks to reach the center.The total average to reach the center of a Tootsie Roll Pop is 717 li cks. FlavorsTrial 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4Trial 5Average Chocolate114011201055130011651156 Cherry520555560535510536 Orange600690584570620613 Grape665630715640660662 Raspberry615580610665630620 TOOTSIE ROLL POPS 5 sermon I did not expect the chocolate flavor would differentiate from the other flavors. The four other flavors are not far apart from each other. This leads me to believe that any dye or ingredient used for the chocolate flavored Tootsie Pops create a stronger shell or coating.Perhaps with an even larger ideal size, the data will become more condensed or more stretched. I could continue this experiment, but I believe many other factors are at work here. Other possible areas of research include the cause of tongue size, saliva production, age, and gender. The data shown above is just the average for an cardinal year old male participant. What would happen if I included every possible factor to the experiment? TOOTSIE ROLL POPS 6 Works Cited Tootsie. (n. d. ). Retrieved fro m http//www. tootsie. com/

Is Social Security going Bankrupt? Essay

Background of Research When the US Social security measure get laidment trunk was instituted in 1937, one major objective was to provide incentives for older head for the hillsers to retire so that much jobs would be available for younger proletarians. At that time, vivification expectancies were considerably lower, and in that location were far more(prenominal) working- grow adults than elderly. Now, however, continuation of upstart expediency levels has been submited as a major funding problem.2 In hunting lodge to increase the ratio of workers who carry Social aegis and Medicargon taxes to the number of tribe receiving Social Security retirement income and Medic atomic number 18 benefits, or at least to trend the rate of decline, public policy is turning toward encouraging plurality to tick score retirement. Similar changes in attitude ar apparent throughout the economy. In decades past, workers in the US were involve by many an some other(prenominal) emp loyers to retire at a certain age, usually 65, and seldom later than 70. Today authorisation retirement ages are rare.How does the Social Security retirement musical arrangement in the US work? All workers in the US are required to participate in the Social Security retirement program, regardless of citizenship. Currently, 6. 2 percent of a workers pay is withheld, up to a upper limit that is adjusted annually. An redundant 1. 45 percent (with no maximum) is withheld to tolerate Medicare, making a total of 7. 65 percent of earnings for close to workers. The employer contri furtheres the same amount. Self-employed workers must pay not only if their admit besides excessively the employers portion, a total of 15.3 percent up to the Social Security maximum for the year and then only the Medicare tax on any excess. To receive benefits upon retirement, one must induct received credit for working at least 40 quarters. ripe benefits pay long been available at age 65 reduced ben efits are available at 62 years of age, with increased benefits for those who detain to work up to age 70. In order to help keep an eye on the solvency of the system, the full retirement age (FRA) is gradually being increased to 67 years of age for those born in 1960 and later.4 Reduced benefits are still available at 62 years of age save allow be reduced proportionately more since they result in the end be available up to five years earlier than the FRA. The maximum age for earning increased benefits for delaying retirement will still be age 70. Most Ameri batchs bash that Social Security is headed toward bankruptcy. Nothing makes the point s jacket crown than the poll taken a couple of years ago in which young people said they had a better chance of contracting a UFO than receiving Social Security benefits. But many may not go to bed why the system is threatened.In order to break-dance a solution one that meets my goal of saving Social Security for todays retirees and those near retirement, the baby boomers and their children we need to understand the real difficulties facing Social Security. However, little research has been conducted on those who conserve to work beyond the traditional retirement age, sometimes for many years. Since this group is gaining in size we need to better understand the factors associated with the decisions these workers make about haveing their bail to the labor force (or, in some cases, beginning employment).Increased health care costs for the elderly, in particular the costs of prescription drugs not soon c everyplaceed by Medicare, have undoubtedly been a factor for many who have decided to continue working for pay. Employer-provided health insurance largely pays for most prescription drugs, minus a modest co-payment. Recent wearing away of the retirement savings of many Americans after a precipitous falloff in the US spud market during the first half of 2000 has also contributed to the reversal of the tr end towards earlier retirement that reached a low in 1993.By 2003, the overall labor force participation rates for those 65 years of age and over had increased to 18. 6 percent and 10. 8 percent of men and women, respectively, from lows of 15. 6 and 8. 2 percent. One important interrogate that has yet to be answered satisfactorily is what impact having to work long-term will have on the surfacehead-being of the oldest old. American policy-makers seem to assume that there will be little negative impact beca usage the elderly are, in general, healthier, and are living longer.In recent years there has been some(prenominal) alarmist talk of the impending bankruptcy of Social Security, but it is in the orphic sector that real dangers of default now loom. Social Security is base hit through 2041 or longer, but the bounty fund crisis is already mash corporate budgets, with disastrous consequences for jobs. If nothing is take overe, this pension-and-jobs crunch will intensify over the following(a) two years. piece of music many CEOs sold at the top of the market, the pension funds and holders of 401(k)s were left with depreciating paper.Swooning stock markets have caused the major pension funds to lose 40 percent or more of their value since March 2000. Even the well-stuffed 401(k) has become a 201(k). support funding has become so central to todays capitalism that these developments menace the financial good health of corporate giants as well as individual retirees. Most reports on the crisis have, understandably, focused on the affiance of the 42 million Americans who have 401(k)s or the equivalent. But the impact on corporate pension schemes, on which a similar number of people depend, has been just as bad.Many businesses must now forgo investing or face bankruptcy because they cannot meet their pension dutys. (Achenbaum, 1986) In a delineate benefit scheme (DB) the employer guarantees a pension calculated as a proportion of salary this can be an o nerous obligation for a company with many former employees. In a defined contribution scheme (DC), like the 401(k), only the contributions are defined, so benefits stand up and fall with the market. Public-sector DB schemes are generally well and cheaply run, and are anyway guaranteed by state or federal authorities.But balanced-budget rules frequently force those authorities to meet pension underfunding by cutting other programs. Most large private schemes are now badly underfunded, their attention deficit disorderition values low by stock declines and too many past-contribution holidays. We know this courtesy of recent reports from analysts at Merrill Lynch and UBS Warburg. Adrian Redlich of Merrill has undertaken massive research into the 348 companies in the Standard & Poors 500 with a DB scheme. He warned in November that these schemes would end the year with a pension famine of $300 billion, and this is still the best estimate.If underfunded nonpension benefits are inc luded, an even scarier deficit looms. (Hudson, 1999) The pension crunch is not barely a result of CEO misdeed its also rooted in a flawed social structure that aggravates the boom-and-bust cycle. During a boom, the pension fund soars and no contributions are needful to maintain fund solvency. But when times are bad and the employer faces cash ebb, the actuaries verify there must be more dough on the table. Companies overcloud the unpleasant truth by fancy accounting. When they can no longer do this, they cut investment programs.This financing regime is dangerously pro-cyclicalthat is, it encourages booms and aggravates recessions. modernistic laws could enhance the rights of those in pension plans, but last years House and Senate approaches to reform of DC schemes offered the wounded patient a Band-Aid, when what is needed is a blood transfusion. (Achenbaum, 1986) The House bill was quite gentle on corporations. It reduced the time employees have to wait forwards their pensi on holdings are vested, but it allowed employers to continue contributing to 401(k)s with matching company stock.Ted Kennedys Senate intent limited the amount of their own stock employers can contribute and gives employees more say in how their retirement fund is invested. But Kennedy didnt jut obliging employers to offer a contribution. More robust proposals are not yet in sight. In addition to reliable regulatory structures, more resources are needed. The pension-jobs squeeze has only just begun. For individuals its reality has been softened thus far by house price inflation and earnings that continue to rise slowly.But while many investors prefer not to know about it, the goosing of the DB pension numbers by unreal assumptions could well prove as dangerous to economic health as the Nipponese banks huge inventory of nonperforming loans. Will the Bush institution stand by and do nothing as this time bomb ticks away? If the Administration simply wished to help the corporations out of a tight spot, they could be de jure released from their obligations to retirees. This would allow them to resume investing. But it would be grossly unfair and provocative. another(prenominal) solution baron be to pump money into the PBGC.But to use taxpayers money to bail out pension funds in the current deflationary situation would be a dangerous exercise. And the PBGC arrives on the stab too late anyway It only kicks in once Chapter 11 is staring a company in the face. The DB funds might be rescued by imposing on employees compulsory additional contributions. But this would weaken demand and could spark a firestorm of resentment. The most belike outcome is one that would allow employers to convert DB schemes to a DC logic, using cash balance or some kindred formula, but shortchanging employees in this way would create legal as well as political difficulties.A determined plan could address the pension crisis before it gets any worse. Corporations should be obliged to mak e up for their past and present derelictions by replenishing their employees retirement funds. However, simply forcing employers to contribute cash to every workers pot or company scheme is not the answer. Opponents would right warn that this would raise labor costs, drain cash flow, undercut investment and reduce demand. Applied anytime soon, it would mug an ailing economy and send unemployment skyrocketing. It would aggravate, not solve, the pension crisis.There is one approach that would shore up depleted savings without threatening a shaky economy The funding gaps could be plugged by obliging all corporations to issue new stock or bonds each year equivalent to, say, 10 percent of their profits. This part levy, or stakeholder premium, would be calculated like a corporate tax, but unlike such a tax, it would not be a synthetic thinking from cash flow, nor would it be passed on to consumers. And unlike payroll taxes, it would not add to labor costs, thus giving no reason to lay off workers.A great advantage of the share levy is that unlike an habitual tax, it would not exacerbate the problems of an economy threatened by recession. The issuing of new shares does not oblige companies to pay out more in dividendsit simply adds to those who will receive such dividends in the future. The levy should be adjust to insure that all retirement funds gain more than they lose. While it would act in some respects like a wealthiness tax, it would not take demand out of the economy. And its revenues and payments could be adjusted to take hold the swings of the business cycle.(Kingston, Schulz, 1997) Defining the Problem Believe it or not, in 1945 there were about 42 workers for each person receiving Social Security benefits. By 1960, that ratio had shrunk to about 5 to 1. Today, its 3. 4 to one and by 2030, there will be just 2. 1 workers for each beneficiary. At the same time, Americans are living longer. Thats good news. But it operator retirees will receive benef its for a longer period. Americans are also having less children, which mean relatively fewer workers paying Social Security payroll taxes. It is those taxes that finance current benefits.(Buell, 1999) Aside from these demographic trends, first-time Social Security benefits are growing far faster than inflation. These benefits now rise with overall hire growth, and wages are rising faster than prices. The result over the next 75 years, benefits will increase more than 20 times, while prices will go up at half that rate. A retiree in 2060, for example, has been promised annual benefits starting at over $140,000. The result is a system that would require people in the future to work longer hours and pay more in taxes to support retirees.By 2034, payroll taxes would need to be increased by 50% to pay promised benefits or benefits would need to be slashed. Between now and 2070, benefits will exceed payroll taxes by a cumulative $120 trillion. Is it any wonder young people dont expect to receive their Social Security? Something better can be done and is happening. Every generation of Americans has left a bequest of prosperity for its children. We cannot let our legacy be a Social Security system drowning in a sea of red ink.